1. yz310综合微机保护使用手册
萨克斯属于一种木管乐器,但管体通常会使用黄铜来制造,使得萨克斯在声音的力度上不但具有着铜管类乐器的特性,而且在音质也有着木管乐器的特点,特别是声音上带有金属的明亮度,是其他木管乐器无法比拟的。
介绍
萨克斯有倍低音萨克斯,低音萨克斯、上低音萨克斯、次中音萨克斯、C调萨克斯、中音萨克斯、F调高音萨克斯、高音萨克斯、C调高音萨克斯、超高音萨克斯。
萨克斯有多种音域和调性,其中以中高音、中音、次中音、上低音四种最多见。 古典萨克斯以中音萨克斯为主,而在爵士乐、流行乐里是以中音次中音为主。所有的萨克斯指法基本都是一样的,吹奏可以不用指法练习就更换乐器。
组成部分
主管
脖管
笛头
哨片
哨箍
盖帽
挂带
萨克斯种类
高音萨克斯
是萨克斯家族中音调第二高的乐器,通常为降B调,仅此于超高音萨克斯(Sopranino),管的体积也是第二_小。常见的为直管,略微曲颈或类似中音萨克斯的形状。相对于黑管,高音萨克斯音量更大,更有穿透力。但由于小管身,使得高音部分更难以控制音准,较难上手。音萨克斯主要用于独奏,在木管重奏中常用来替代双簧管。著名的高音萨克斯演奏家有SidneyBechet,约翰柯川,Wayne Shorter,能等。
中音萨克斯
是最常见的萨克斯,降E调,也是应用在古典乐合奏中最多的萨克斯。于按键距离适中,气息要求和嘴部控制难度介于高音萨克斯和次中音萨克斯之间,以吸相对便宜的价格和搬运容易,成为初学者入i最常使用的萨克斯。中音萨克斯音色较次中音清亮,较高音温和。 中音萨克斯构成了管乐队萨克斯声部的最主要部分,在爵士大乐队编制中和次中音占同等重要位置。作为独奏乐器出现相对少一些。中音萨克斯是萨克斯家族最有代表性的种类。著名的中音萨克斯演奏家有爵士乐: Charlie Parker、Cannonball Adderley、Kenny Garrett。古典乐: Marcel Mule,Sigurd Rascher等。
次中音萨克斯
通常为降B调,外形比中音萨克斯稍大,弯管前端多了一个弯曲,色温和稳重。在管乐队中次中音萨克斯数量少于中音,一般作为辅助角色和小低音号和长号同样的乐谱。
而在爵士乐中次中音起核心作用。1920年代Coleman Hawkins沙哑厚重的声音重新定义了人们对次中音音色的概念。后来的约翰柯川,Stan Getz, Sonny Rollins, Michael Brecke一步一步地奠定了次中音声音的个性。
上低音萨克斯
通常为降E调,是4种中相对少见的类型。体积重量较大,近音两倍左右。很少有人它作为独奏乐器,而在萨克斯四重奏或爵士大乐队中上低音萨克斯以它低沉浑厚的音色把其它声音承托起来,以较简单的吹奏维持着音乐进行的稳定步伐。在管乐队中常和低音号类似的作用,有时让人联想起大提琴的声音。著名演奏家有Gerry Mulligan。
选购
初学萨克斯的朋友基本都是从降E中音萨克斯学起,因为中音萨克斯容易控制大小适中女老少都可以很轻松的演奏,且市面上针对初学萨克斯的教程都是中音萨克斯的教程,因此中音萨克斯以他的优势成为初学者的首选。
初学者没有必要买太好的管子,名牌并不见得好。因为进口的管子大多数也都是出口转内销的,很多所谓的国外品牌其实都在国内生产,一不心就会出高价买个山寨品。可以选择价格在2000-5000的国内品牌即可。
挑选萨克斯要看音准、密合度共振、音域质手感、镀层机械连动、空按萨克斯、按垫是不是均匀平整等等。但这对于初学者来说还是不好把握,好找专业可靠的朋友帮忙挑选。
建议先看乐器的整体造型是否合理,有些萨克斯管口部分很斜,和脖管不对称。检查每个按键的皮垫是否盖严或变形,若有盖得不严会漏气,影响发音。要试一下手感, 每个按键的弹簧是否力度适中。要看一下每个常用活动点是否严密、灵活,哨片箍是否能拧紧,不能太松。笛头部分与哨片接触处是否完整,均无瑕疵。然后最关键的是要试音色是否优美,同一价位的不同萨克斯音色都不一样。再试高音是否明亮低音是否易吹,音准是否好,有些乐器高音大都不准。再看附件是否齐全(部分配有:哨片、翻笛头、挂带等)。
乐理知识
音名
以英文字母来表示音高,称为音名。
12调全音域音名表
一、C调(*):低音234567,中音: 1234567,高音: 123456.(共19个唱名)
二、#C调($):低音1234567,中音: 1234567,高音: 12345.(共19个唱名)
三、D调(*):最低音7,低音,1234567,中音: 1234567,高音:12345.(共20个唱名)
四、E调(&):低音,67,中音:1234567,高:1234567.最高音:1234 (共20个唱名)
五、bE调(*):低音: #67中音:1#12#34#45#56#67 高音:1#2#234#45#56#67最高音:1#1234#4 (共32个唱名)
七、#F调($):低音,567,中音:1234567, 高音:1234567.最高音12(共19个唱名)
八、G调(*):低音,567,中音:1234567,高音:1234567.最高音12(共19个唱名)
九、A调(&):低音,34567,中音: 1234567, 高音: 1234567.最.高音1(共20个唱名)
十、bA调(&):低音,4567,中音:1234567, 高音:1234567.最高音1(共19个唱名)
十一、B调($):低音,234567,中音:1234567,高音: 123456.
十二、bB调(*):低音,34567,中音:1234567, 高音:1234567. (共19个唱名)
备注
1、其中带(*)号的调号为最常用基本调号共6个大调;带(&)号的调号为次常用调号共3个。带($)号的调号为一般不常用的调号共3个调号。
2、此表中共计244个唱音。
哼唱
萨克斯吹一个音,并且几乎同时的唱这个音,同时发出两个音,严格的说不叫双音,和吼叫技巧差不多。通常称它为哼唱,又叫做唱音。
高低音区
萨克斯在日常的娱乐过程中肯定会遇到高低音转换的情况。
这里的高低音转换以是否按着泛音键来区别,一种是主旋律的高低音转换,比如中音萨克斯降E调从中音的1(不按泛音键)到2(按着泛音键)的转换,或者反之,或是吹降B调时从3或4转换到5或反过来。
另一种是装饰音的高低音转换,这个就要求更快,几乎是要在一拍之内完成。
在高低音转换时(这里的高低音转换以是否按着泛音键来区别,下同) , 为了防止吹"破”音,就要通过气息来控制,在转换音的时候把气息“弱”下来,下一个音再逐渐起来,有的时候曲子需要时,加上吐音也能解决这个问题。
升降音
各个调之间无所谓谁高谁低,只是一个八度之间的比较而已。无论是高八度或者是低八度,只要是调对了,大家就能跟伴奏。要做好这件事情,就要有一点基本的乐理知识。最起码对熟悉的曲子能简单唱谱,才能知道里面的那个音是1(dao),那个音是2(rai),那个音是3(mi)。
先确定曲子的调
边听曲子,边唱其谱,选定任何一个音比如1。用萨克斯吹一下各个音(包括半音),看哪个音是正好跟你选定的音相吻合,那么这个音的1所对应的调就是曲子的调。
如果你只熟悉少数指法,就用萨克斯吹一下你熟悉的指法的各个1,看哪个更接近。并确定曲子的那个1比你吹出来的这个1是高还是低?这样你就知道到时候调整音调的时候是应该按上升还是下降了。
音调
经过探究,萨克斯产音域从原本的两个八度和一个五度的根底上,又向上扩大了一个八度和一个四度(扩大音域属于超吹局部,没有必定的根底很难演奏)。
振动不规矩,音的上下听起来不分明,叫做“杂音”;
乐音系统:音乐中所运用的基本的乐音的总和 ;
音级:乐音系统中的各音(专指乐音);(振动起来是有规律的、单纯的,并有准确的高度(也叫音高)的音)
音列:按必定的音高关系和上下顺序,由低到高或由高到低陈列 ;
半音:乐音系统中,音高关系的最小计量单元 ;(相邻的两个音之间最小的距离)
全音:一个全音等于两个半音 ,把八度音划分为十二个音,四个相连的音之间的音程叫全音。
变化音级:将基本音级加以提高或下降得来的音;
晋级音:将基本音级提高半音,如升C、升D、相反是降职音 ;
重升音级:将基本音级提高全音,如重升C、重升D,等,反之为重降 ;
音组:乐音系统中八十多个音用来划分音分为多少组,它的标志是用小写字母并在右上方加数字“1”来表示。如:c1,d1,e1,f1,比小字一组高的各组,由低到高名为“小字二组”、“小字三组”、“小字四组”、“小字五组”。顺次写上数字“2”、“3”、“4”、“5”。比小字一组低的各组,由高到低顺次命名为“小字组”、“大字组”、“大字一组”、“大字二组”。小字组用小写字母,大字组用大写字母 ;
中心C:位于乐音系统总音到中心的小字一组的c1。每秒振动约261次 ;
定律法:断定乐音系统中各音的彻底精确高度,人们在实施中发明白种种定律法。如十二均匀律,五度相生津、纯律等 ;
十二均匀律:将一个纯八度(如c1-c2)分红十二个均等的局部 ;
等音:音高相似而记法和意思不同的音。如升C、降D,重升B,这三个音在钢琴上音高是完全相似的。但记法和意思不同。能够看出,除了升G和降A惟有一个等音外,其它各音都有两个等音 。
复合音:平常听到某一音,一般由很多个音组合而成的。它的发生是因为发音体(以弦为例)振动时,不只全段振动,它的各局部(二、三、四、五段等)也同时在振动 ;
基音:由全弦振动发生的音,听的最清楚的;
泛音:由发音体各局部振动而发生,不易被听出的;
分音:形成复合音的各音;
音域:从低音到高音,音列的总范畴 ;
音区:音域中的一局部。依据音色的不同分为高音区、中音区和低音区。小字组、小字一组、小字二组被以为是中音区,小字三,小字四,五为高音区,大字组,大字一组和二组为低音区。
姿势
1.用挂带将乐器挂在胸前,调整挂带,使其既能负担乐器的重量又能缓解手和臂的紧张程度。
2.站立演奏时,两腿同肩宽,坐着演奏时,两腿打开稍向外,呈九十度弓形触地,身体要自然挺直,背、胸、腰、腹不可弯曲。(新手不建议坐姿演奏萨克斯管不利于掌握气息)
3.含笛头的角度,要以自然呼气和笛头风口的气流方向为依据,因气流方向略向下斜,而笛头和脖管自然要与气流的方向相一致,略往下倾斜为最佳角度,大约为四十五度左右。
4.演奏当中手指、腕部、臂部要松弛,左右手要自然弯曲,指关节要略为隆起,不可平直而蹋落关节,运指时要有节奏感,用力不宜过大。动作不宜僵硬,手指抬的不宜过高。
5.左手拇指扶按在T键上,并且控制八度泛音键,小指控制11(降B)9(升C)8(升G);右手指托住乐器下方靠近身体部分的托钩,小拇指控制1(C)2(降 E),左右手食指、中指、无名指分别放在I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ键上。
6.用嘴控制笛头,挂带控制萨克斯的重量, 左右手控制萨克斯的平衡,使之演奏呈现出最佳姿态。
音调&简谱
一、降B调高音萨克斯管,又俗称直管萨克斯。
二、降E调中音萨克斯管,这是应用较为广泛的一种,一般学生初学萨克斯管时多选择这种音域适中且相对易于演奏的乐器。
三、降B调次中音萨克斯管。
四、降E调上低音萨克斯管,它的体积较大,一般应用于重奏与合奏中。
用女儿情来解释简谱的符号
简谱中的调与调号
1=F,表示这首曲子是F调的。
简谱里常使用各种不同的调。调由两部分组成,即主音的高度与调式类别。简谱中,调号是用以确定1(do)音的音高位置的符号,其形式为1=( )(现在普遍都用“1”来作为调号的基准音),用作调号的音是调式主音,“1=F”就意味着这首乐曲是F调的。
简谱中的拍子和拍号
4/4,是表示这首曲子是44拍。
将旋律的强拍与弱拍用固定音值进行强弱循环,有规律地组合,称为拍子。拍号一般标记在调号的后边。拍子分为单拍子与复拍子两种。
每小节的每一拍由一个完整音符即单纯音符组成的拍子,称为单拍子;每小节的每一拍由一个附点音符或与其等值的音符组成的拍子,称为复拍子。
音符的长短
在简谱中,1、2、3、4、5、6、7这七个基本音符,不仅仅表示音的高低大小,还表示时值长短的基本单位,称为四分音符,其他音符均是在四分音符的基础上通过加记短横线"-"和附点"·"表示。
单纯音符
如果音符时值的长短用短横线" -"表示,就称为单纯音符。单纯音符除四分音符外,在基本音符右侧加记一条短横线,表示增长一个四分音符的时值。这类加记在音符右侧、使音符时值增长的短横线,称为增时线。增时线越多,音符的时值越长。
在基本音符下方加记一条短横线,表示缩短原音符时值的一半。这类加记在音符下方、使音符时值缩短的短横线,称为减时线。
减时线越多,音符的时值越短。单纯音符的名称以全音符为标准而定。如:全音符的二分之一称为二分音符,全音符的四分之一称为四分音符,其余类推。
附点音符
附点就是记在音符右边的小圆点,表示增加前面音符时值的一半, 带附点的音符叫附点音符。简单点说,就是这个音要多唱半拍。
比如“鸳鸯双栖蝶双飞”中,本来“双”只需要唱一秒,因为有了附点音符所以要唱1.5秒的延长音,本来要唱2秒,现在要唱3秒。
音高
在音符的上方加一个圆点(叫做高音点)表示高一个八度,在音符下方加一个圆点(叫做低音点)则表示低一个八度。若在上方加两个圆点,即表示高两个八度,在下方亦是如此,依此类推。
不带点的音符称为“中音”,带高音点的音符称为“高音”,带低音点的音符称为“低音”。
为了演奏(演唱)的方便,一般将乐曲音域的中音区记成不带点的音符(中音),这样可以减少一些记谱符号,看得更清楚。
对应的音区称之为低音区、中音区、高音区。在音符上标点,在演奏乐器或者唱歌的时候找准音的高低。
延音线
音符后面有一根短横线。这个叫做延音线,意思就是唱到这里得拖长音。比如:第一句鸳鸯双栖蝶双飞~(此处用波浪表示延长)。
连音线
两个音符上面有一个弧线叫做连音线,一般是给唱歌看的,表示一个字要对应几个音,中间不断开。意思是说,看到弧线就要将对应的字的读音分解开始唱。
比如第一句:鸳鸯双栖蝶双飞,“蝶”字上有连音线,蝶的读音大家知道,蝶=d+ie。
所以唱的时候要这么唱:蝶~(拖ie的音)
休止符
在简谱中表示音乐的休止(停顿)的符号称为休止符。简谱的休止符用O来表示。吹奏乐器的时候,看到休止符,就可以停止吹奏,然后等下一段节奏再吹奏。
休止符时值的长短与音符的时值基本相同,只是不用增时线,而用更多的O来代替,每增加一个O,表示增加一个相当于一个四分休止符的停顿时间,O越多,停顿的时间越长。在休止符下方加记不同数目的减时线,停顿的时间按比例缩短。常用休止符的写法、休止时值如下:
小节线与终止线
在强拍面前,用来划分节拍单位的垂直线叫小节线。用来表示全曲结束的两条小节线,右边略粗于左边的一条叫终止线。
速度
有两种,一种是文字表示的,如“快速”、“中速”、“慢速”等等。一种是直接告诉你的。比如《女儿情》调号下面的表示为每一分钟唱70个4分音符。
以上就是学简谱时都会学到的基础知识,相信大家对简谱有了更清晰的认识。当然这些知识只是乐理的入门部分,在学习过程中还会接触到更详细的学习内容,如果大家在这方面想了解到更多内容或者有疑问的地方都可以给老师留言,会一一帮大家解答的。
指法
手指的按法
好比手中握着球,稍微弯曲,各手指不要伸的直直的,要有弯弯的感觉。按键时手指不要离开,可能的话轻轻摸着键。
曲目
《茉莉花》、《暗香》、《血色浪漫》、《天空之城》依次从简单到难度比较高,是练萨克斯必备的经典曲目。
《茉莉花》
萨克斯本身声音悠扬清亮,而这首乐曲把缥缈缠绵的意境表现得相当到位,在音质不好的播放器上往往会将声音表现成刺耳的高音,意境皆无。面对难以完美再现的萨克斯,尤其是清纯悠扬的清音效果和抒情的高音时,应该表现的完满而到位。层次感清晰分明,音质柔和不显刺耳,却极富穿透力。
《暗香》
《血色浪漫》
此曲注意每个乐句的气流控制,掌握好正确的吸气方法。在演奏时略带喉音,乐句尾音稍带滑间,还需掌握好超高音的演奏。
《天空之城》
用萨克斯演奏的《天空之城》带着一种天然的恬静,让人们陶醉其中,心里便有了一份宁静,和恩雅的音乐一样,能够洗涤内心的躁动,收获一份久违的静谧,不再为了一些琐事闹心。
保养
保持干燥
每次吹奏完后总会有一些水份留在管内,不及时清理会腐蚀管体。在潮湿多雨的地区保持乐器干燥尤为重要。
乐器使用完毕后,应取下弯脖,把管体内的水分倒出来,用柔软吸水的布简单擦拭下喇叭口处的水分,然后放在通风处15-20分钟,让其自然晾干。用过的清洁布不要直接和乐器放在一起,防止潮气滞留二次腐蚀乐器;通布条和口水棒也不建议使用,通布条来回擦,容易对皮垫的密封性造成很大的影响,漏气了或者卡在萨克斯里边就难办了
口水棒是不吸水的材质,口水有碱性,用它等于用碱2次腐蚀管体加速氧化,也不建议使用。
保持清洁
萨克斯管结构复杂,音孔和音键多达数十个,不定期清洁容易在键轴、键杆和弹簧等部位积攒灰尘和污垢,会严重影响乐器机械性能的发挥,给演奏带来困难。
吹奏完乐器后,应用清洁布擦拭管体表面的指纹和汗迹,否则容易侵蚀管体,加快萨克斯表面的氧化;使用萨克斯时间长了,键柱之间和键杆下面如果有浮尘,可用0.5寸左右的小毛刷轻轻打扫或者可以用卫生棉棒来小心清理。建议1-2周一次即可。
哨片保养
吹奏完毕后,哨片用后要取下,擦去水分,放入哨片夹内,妥善保管。短时休息时,一定要套上笛头帽。
笛头保养
笛头每次用完后用水冲洗干净,再用软布擦干即可,也可直接擦干净。
键垫保养
吹奏完毕后键垫有潮湿的情况出现,会硬化减少使用寿命;可用吸水纸夹在键垫与音孔之间。手按键子,将水分吸干,保持各部分的干燥,一定不要让纸屑留在音口上以免造成漏气现象。
按键灵活
萨克斯管音调的变化主要依靠音键和音孔的变化来实现,因此尤其音键应具备高度的灵活性。所以应定期滴专用键油以增强它的灵活性并防止锈死。
每隔2个月在萨克斯各键连杆处注入萨克斯润滑油,不要太多,防止键油流到管体上导致漆面提早氧化,滴完后活动几下键子使油充分渗入,用软布把表面多余的油擦干净即可。
乐器上固定各键连杆的各个螺丝,要进行经常性的检查,如有松动将其拧紧。由于萨克斯的泛音孔很小,较易堵塞,所以要定期清理。根据个人使用情况1-2年要到萨克斯维护中心做一次保养;如果萨克斯长时间未用,开始用的时候,需要做一次检查以及保养。
手应该拿在萨克斯没有按键的部分,比如喇叭口或者上侧弯脖接口处,或者手拿指托处,一定要牢靠、稳妥;并且乐器放回箱包后,一定记得拉上箱包拉链,避免不小心乐器的滑出造成不必要的磕碰。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"萨克斯属于一种木管乐器,但管体通常会使用黄铜来制造,使","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"得","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"萨克斯在声音的力度上不但具有着铜管类乐器的特性,而且在音质也有着木管乐器的特点,特别是声音上带有金属的明亮度,是其他木管乐器无法比拟的","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmY0kk0MW2a6I6rYWpBYzBc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"介绍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGWCQQOOSW2w0SSSXkkoEmc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"萨克斯有倍低音萨克斯,低音萨克斯、上低音萨克斯、次中音萨克斯、C调萨克斯、中音萨克斯、F调高音萨克斯、高音萨克斯、C调高音萨克斯、超高音萨克斯。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSGmoqGI0a4E4YLavQSyuHg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"萨克斯有多种音域和调性,其中以中高音、中音、次中音、上低音四种最多见。 古典萨克斯以中音萨克斯为主,而在爵士乐、流行乐里是以中音次中音为主。所有的萨克斯指法基本都是一样的,吹奏可以不用指法练习就更换乐器。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKic0kgmO64cAyodJQ7Qxth"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"组成部分","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnicgs8Iy0K0sEKO9hEOYvSb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"主管","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnW6mC4mEw0mQOSWUaxbCn7s"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":609,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"主管","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/28c36a6043e64db09289f78cc0c5d088","width":243},"text":"","id":"doxcnSE6ucAAqyGOGYLizdlZcxe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"脖管","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqIGyoucsWw8qaQ7skVF6gf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":501,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"脖管","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3958441a490b40aba317310eed20a118","width":778},"text":"","id":"doxcnGqYgwac6KEMo43FtlOWqGf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笛头","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngo8soScasYU8OkjP5tx50f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":306,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笛头","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3cc90849c0984007aa35734fa14c0821","width":705},"text":"","id":"doxcnu4OEsmEwgig2SO3FqcC0Ih"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"哨片","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6giOqaq66gcmMXlNrAgzZc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":365,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"哨片","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0e78641c7f4049b5b1065c6af567f67f","width":277},"text":"","id":"doxcn6ME6EM0YUEmqeW3PPqjpeb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"哨箍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm8OymOu8u0ukQLu5mWxfle"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":359,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"哨箍","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/71e5dcd0179f4ebdb8260510e46aada2","width":351},"text":"","id":"doxcn2Qeuouww6w02CAMDoGGbYc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"盖帽","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGUuKy2k0iKewuYHFRovdHc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":832,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"盖帽","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/04a8c1efd284453792c746525193e3f6","width":401},"text":"","id":"doxcnA2m8CqEqgkiwQb7xrEf2jb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"挂带","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni2oOEigg4iQ4EPH8dUIolf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":737,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"挂带","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/59f3b3ae4f9745519f72e389b308b050","width":659},"text":"","id":"doxcnGwq2A4kAIEIeqOGwrjT3ge"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"萨克斯种类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn04uaCWAgS0O84FdPKveeng"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"高音萨克斯","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUMAYGk82cQwa6NvUDtBfgb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"是萨克斯家族中音调第二高的乐器,通常为降B调,仅此于超高音萨克斯(Sopranino),管的体积也是第二_小。常见的为直管,略微曲颈或类似中音萨克斯的形状。相对于黑管,高音萨克斯音量更大,更有穿透力。但由于小管身,使得高音部分更难以控制音准,较难上手。音萨克斯主要用于独奏,在木管重奏中常用来替代双簧管。著名的高音萨克斯演奏家有SidneyBechet,约翰柯川,Wayne Shorter,能等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU26ygeS8Ckiw8z3Ix1hese"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":598,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"高音萨克斯","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c8f39d0052a843b482f1cd21a4aebb11","width":599},"text":"","id":"doxcn0sS4iCAcgkocM7ITP4UvTh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中音萨克斯","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn686mIMe4K2Q0gfZ1WMp6Gf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"是最常见的萨克斯,降E调,也是应用在古典乐合奏中最多的萨克斯。于按键距离适中,气息要求和嘴部控制难度介于高音萨克斯和次中音萨克斯之间,以吸相对便宜的价格和搬运容易,成为初学者入i最常使用的萨克斯。中音萨克斯音色较次中音清亮,较高音温和。\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"中音萨克斯构成了管乐队萨克斯声部的最主要部分,在爵士大乐队编制中和次中音占同等重要位置。作为独奏乐器出现相对少一些。中音萨克斯是萨克斯家族最有代表性的种类。著名的中音萨克斯演奏家有爵士乐: Charlie Parker、Cannonball Adderley、Kenny Garrett。古典乐: Marcel Mule,Sigurd Rascher等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8Ko6Aq2E2a26KO7g7Qj7jh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":676,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"中音萨克斯","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/798ddf9c0cd847b5b48bcfb854a27bc5","width":485},"text":"","id":"doxcn6Cc2wgWQOMaeklrr5w0gJf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"次中音萨克斯","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmYmMASO0kmYGU1VU4UMUjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通常为降B调,外形比中音萨克斯稍大,弯管前端多了一个弯曲,色温和稳重。在管乐队中次中音萨克斯数量少于中音,一般作为辅助角色和小低音号和长号同样的乐谱。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuAswqmwA6GQY6TyToKxmDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"而在爵士乐中次中音起核心作用。1920年代Coleman Hawkins沙哑厚重的声音重新定义了人们对次中音音色的概念。后来的约翰柯川,Stan Getz, Sonny Rollins, Michael Brecke一步一步地奠定了次中音声音的个性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmuKMe8KY02E2oB4GK2mLwe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":412,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"次中音萨克斯","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b9f129e9de4246e2bcaf1ca9fe7864b5","width":545},"text":"","id":"doxcnKmqI4o0We6OSGw13yW7W2g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":" 上低音萨克斯","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCUk6EyM0SeMCUjTot6PuTc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通常为降E调,是4种中相对少见的类型。体积重量较大,近音两倍左右。很少有人它作为独奏乐器,而在萨克斯四重奏或爵士大乐队中上低音萨克斯以它低沉浑厚的音色把其它声音承托起来,以较简单的吹奏维持着音乐进行的稳定步伐。在管乐队中常和低音号类似的作用,有时让人联想起大提琴的声音。著名演奏家有Gerry Mulligan。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnygmsUmAUQKIsKw6aRvvfsg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":724,"note":[{"type":"text","text":" 上低音萨克斯","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4dbdfed977c94e6cbe6c38f080c734fb","width":551},"text":"","id":"doxcnGeg8CmA4804mG8emd0fbMe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"选购","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEaMeoGqwUmAuGuu11Nj0sg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学萨克斯的朋友基本都是从降E中音萨克斯学起,因为中音萨克斯容易控制大小适中女老少都可以很轻松的演奏,且市面上针对初学萨克斯的教程都是中音萨克斯的教程,因此中音萨克斯以他的优势成为初学者的首选。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOeaK4qCE8O4eAjajQhMuag"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者没有必要买太好的管子,名牌并不见得好。因为进口的管子大多数也都是出口转内销的,很多所谓的国外品牌其实都在国内生产,一不心就会出高价买个山寨品。可以选择价格在2000-5000的国内品牌即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8YIsUawmQEAqwrxIv81hNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"挑选萨克斯要看音准、密合度共振、音域质手感、镀层机械连动、空按萨克斯、按垫是不是均匀平整等等。但这对于初学者来说还是不好把握,好找专业可靠的朋友帮忙挑选。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIsqYuesiamOaAzCH7aT50c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"建议先看乐器的整体造型是否合理,有些萨克斯管口部分很斜,和脖管不对称。检查每个按键的皮垫是否盖严或变形,若有盖得不严会漏气,影响发音。要试一下手感, 每个按键的弹簧是否力度适中。要看一下每个常用活动点是否严密、灵活,哨片箍是否能拧紧,不能太松。笛头部分与哨片接触处是否完整,均无瑕疵。然后最关键的是要试音色是否优美,同一价位的不同萨克斯音色都不一样。再试高音是否明亮低音是否易吹,音准是否好,有些乐器高音大都不准。再看附件是否齐全(部分配有:哨片、翻笛头、挂带等)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnauikgWIogiAc6tpYo0HW8e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"乐理知识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqYq6a2MausOeOIJgi4Coge"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"音名","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkUqW80o6CGo62qMavOn2Ej"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以英文字母来表示音高,称为","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"音名。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk4YKsMw2AYAaARn5V7WBie"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"12调全音域音名表","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuM4yIoWKiOeSw5DOyS15Qe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一、C调(*):低音234567,中音: 1234567,高音: 123456.(共19个唱名)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoOs4c6OIsWEsBFrPZvO8Lq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二、#C调($):低音1234567,中音: 1234567,高音: 12345.(共19个唱名)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoogGWgWMoU0mAbYBAvyZ6d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三、D调(*):最低音7,低音,1234567,中音: 1234567,高音:12345.(共20个唱名)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniQgk6oiKIuikQN4bd44h9b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四、E调(\u0026):低音,67,中音:1234567,高:1234567.最高音:1234 (共20个唱名)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUwuSCaESO8AMy6FOrymAah"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"五、bE调(*):低音: #67中音:1#12#34#45#56#67 高音:1#2#234#45#56#67最高音:1#1234#4 (共32个唱名)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni6e4YWYcm4Ku21RdVClHOf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"七、#F调($):低音,567,中音:1234567, 高音:1234567.最高音12(共19个唱名)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngiiM2wqmUKwOq6B2Gkw98c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"八、G调(*):低音,567,中音:1234567,高音:1234567.最高音12(共19个唱名)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngGIg6eGK48ooo32mJDC5ud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"九、A调(\u0026):低音,34567,中音: 1234567, 高音: 1234567.最.高音1(共20个唱名)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAQkyuAgCUYw44LSAdpKn4f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"十、bA调(\u0026):低音,4567,中音:1234567, 高音:1234567.最高音1(共19个唱名)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqAM8qkY6gQwE6dB8d811bd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"十一、B调($):低音,234567,中音:1234567,高音: 123456.","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncIkyGKaI4MmyMZ1hhK2dCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"十二、bB调(*):低音,34567,中音:1234567, 高音:1234567. (共19个唱名)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncuY2sYaKQ8wME1ZynTRbXg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":" 备注","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniUW2GG2IqmGgMdM1HgjUmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、其中带(*)号的调号为最常用基本调号共6个大调;带(\u0026)号的调号为次常用调号共3个。带($)号的调号为一般不常用的调号共3个调号。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0ggu8q8MiwYEMn7hJ45Beg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、此表中共计244个唱音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYSOSAKcQIg08MvLOjOZ6Vc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"哼唱","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnq0YIiI8uqGss5sBsidqkgh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"萨克斯吹一个音,并且几乎同时的唱这个音,同时发出两个音,严格的说不叫双音,和吼叫技巧差不多。通常称它为哼唱,又叫做唱音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkuagUKwW004Eui5fpeNOHc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"高低音区","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2maOcSsQickIMb1jyES34e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"萨克斯在日常的娱乐过程中肯定会遇到高低音转换的情况。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmw2uksOWy4woeeVyNq2psc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这里的高低音转换以是否按着泛音键来区别,一种是主旋律的高低音转换,比如中音萨克斯降E调从中音的1(不按泛音键)到2(按着泛音键)的转换,或者反之,或是吹降B调时从3或4转换到5或反过来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwIwMiWWYKwk0aANyHr98Le"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"另一种是装饰音的高低音转换,这个就要求更快,几乎是要在一拍之内完成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4UyaKWueA8kWQjoIwsmPyh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在高低音转换时(这里的高低音转换以是否按着泛音键来区别,下同) , 为了防止吹\"破”音,就要通过气息来控制,在转换音的时候把气息“弱”下来,下一个音再逐渐起来,有的时候曲子需要时,加上吐音也能解决这个问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni4OwScWiSaiEGM5NZM8fYg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"升降音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwukES2wQ0wISW2LpP5MNWg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"各个调之间无所谓谁高谁低,只是一个八度之间的比较而已。无论是高八度或者是低八度,只要是调对了,大家就能跟伴奏。要做好这件事情,就要有一点基本的乐理知识。最起码对熟悉的曲子能简单唱谱,才能知道里面的那个音是1(dao),那个音是2(rai),那个音是3(mi)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEiq0KOmSY080kZJsOMRvwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"先确定曲子的调","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKAwwwcQ2uAoSwXvNSasBYf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"边听曲子,边唱其谱,选定任何一个音比如1。用萨克斯吹一下各个音(包括半音),看哪个音是正好跟你选定的音相吻合,那么这个音的1所对应的调就是曲子的调。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6so0AEY44mgs4JhorWqAgg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果你只熟悉","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"少数指法","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",就用萨克斯吹一下你熟悉的指法的各个1,看哪个更接近。并确定曲子的那个1比你吹出来的这个1是高还是低?这样你就知道到时候调整音调的时候是应该按上升还是下降了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnACYOko0aM86kucDItUt7bc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"音调","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkqyw0mAwaEAegjvhZKTINg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"经过探究,萨克斯产音域从原本的两个八度和一个五度的根底上,又向上扩大了一个八度和一个四度(扩大音域属于超吹局部,没有必定的根底很难演奏)。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS44AMISMgEkGSCLTbVNrec"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"振动不规矩,音的上下听起来不分明,叫做“杂音”;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkqqoeci0846CwRMHsps6Ce"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"乐音系统:音乐中所运用的基本的乐音的总和 ;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnig6MU4KS0ksEA9OY4eknye"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音级:乐音系统中的各音(专指乐音);(振动起来是有规律的、单纯的,并有准确的高度(也叫音高)的音)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqcouaYC0MUgSG4bs2JcVa9"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音列:按必定的音高关系和上下顺序,由低到高或由高到低陈列 ;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSCsGQcwgmgGqAd1dGITVmg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"半音:乐音系统中,音高关系的最小计量单元 ;(相邻的两个音之间最小的距离)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn26aCmoQOWUcaUVyI2eNP1e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"全音","id":""},{"type":"text","text":":一个全音等于两个半音 ,把八度音划分为十二个音,四个相连的音之间的音程叫全音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOgKy6iK2oceskFlhJklopg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"变化音级:将基本音级加以提高或下降得来的音; ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8YsYweOeUogSWuwHqEBBBd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"晋级音:将基本音级提高半音,如升C、升D、相反是降职音 ; ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCs4egmAK6sqEmkSXhH2Y6b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"重升音级:将基本音级提高全音,如重升C、重升D,等,反之为重降 ;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWCqKQOecgoaoaEtfIBLtfd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音组:乐音系统中八十多个音用来划分音分为多少组,它的标志是用小写字母并在右上方加数字“1”来表示。如:c1,d1,e1,f1,比小字一组高的各组,由低到高名为“小字二组”、“小字三组”、“小字四组”、“小字五组”。顺次写上数字“2”、“3”、“4”、“5”。比小字一组低的各组,由高到低顺次命名为“小字组”、“大字组”、“大字一组”、“大字二组”。小字组用小写字母,大字组用大写字母 ; ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmAEa24k0kMgGg1zydHIGMd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中心C:位于乐音系统总音到中心的小字一组的c1。每秒振动约261次 ;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0mEScK4MQSG0qSMZQURUne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"定律法:断定乐音系统中各音的彻底精确高度,人们在实施中发明白种种定律法。如十二均匀律,五度相生津、纯律等 ;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAmIUWcuAecaWcP0zMGF4Cc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"十二均匀律:将一个纯八度(如c1-c2)分红十二个均等的局部 ; ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwwimeswyOycwq0tz695Usb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"等音:音高相似而记法和意思不同的音。如升C、降D,重升B,这三个音在钢琴上音高是完全相似的。但记法和意思不同。能够看出,除了升G和降A惟有一个等音外,其它各音都有两个等音 。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniQYgAiym2IOCG0adrpwx2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"复合音:平常听到某一音,一般由很多个音组合而成的。它的发生是因为发音体(以弦为例)振动时,不只全段振动,它的各局部(二、三、四、五段等)也同时在振动 ; ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnccQGu4GcwasOKG7RaRs2mf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"基音:由全弦振动发生的音,听的最清楚的; ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQyyQwQCKEAAQGsXNRMPDWd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"泛音:由发音体各局部振动而发生,不易被听出的; ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0Wi6OM2K26KsO8Ixd8acOf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"分音:形成复合音的各音; ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmUmAAMySoWiewJZj1NveDc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音域:从低音到高音,音列的总范畴 ; ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2kquOwA0MAaSBO7s9roTNc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音区:音域中的一局部。依据音色的不同分为高音区、中音区和低音区。小字组、小字一组、小字二组被以为是中音区,小字三,小字四,五为高音区,大字组,大字一组和二组为低音区。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncAiIG8I6KQs8kve2yxpdDb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"姿势","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4eQU4a0OaykYSUcjvBBFCg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1.用挂带将乐器挂在胸前,调整挂带,使其既能负担乐器的重量又能缓解手和臂的紧张程度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngG646UsmMA6IyIHnuiAwCg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.站立演奏时,两腿同肩宽,坐着演奏时,两腿打开稍向外,呈九十度弓形触地,身体要自然挺直,背、胸、腰、腹不可弯曲。(新手不建议坐姿演奏萨克斯管不利于掌握气息)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaoyIu0S6Cy4mg5pjsBlRif"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3.含笛头的角度,要以自然呼气和笛头风口的气流方向为依据,因气流方向略向下斜,而笛头和脖管自然要与气流的方向相一致,略往下倾斜为最佳角度,大约为四十五度左右。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcne0KcUSoEmo0o5RlTYWfbyW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4.演奏当中手指、腕部、臂部要松弛,左右手要自然弯曲,指关节要略为隆起,不可平直而蹋落关节,运指时要有节奏感,用力不宜过大。动作不宜僵硬,手指抬的不宜过高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuWEimoa66ukegwSf8LMPT5"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5.左手拇指扶按在T键上,并且控制八度泛音键,小指控制11(降B)9(升C)8(升G);右手指托住乐器下方靠近身体部分的托钩,小拇指控制1(C)2(降 E),左右手食指、中指、无名指分别放在I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ键上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuka4QIYmKosayEjiKWKMTU"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6.用嘴控制笛头,挂带控制萨克斯的重量, 左右手控制萨克斯的平衡,使之演奏呈现出最佳姿态。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO0uKY0aqMsEsw9HWFRD7zf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"音调\u0026简谱","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwQyoI4Q2UUY046BPVq6xif"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一、降B调高音萨克斯管,又俗称直管萨克斯。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqw2m82I4kyq8gReeozh2kf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二、降E调中音萨克斯管,这是应用较为广泛的一种,一般学生初学萨克斯管时多选择这种音域适中且相对易于演奏的乐器。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncwaeqa0g2Mw8MpM2jzhEPh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三、降B调次中音萨克斯管。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQQIS0kiwES2S0GX3vK6NYf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四、降E调上低音萨克斯管,它的体积较大,一般应用于重奏与合奏中。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn24gIMUI8womSC0lAmgbtVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"用女儿情来解释简谱的符号","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnea2cGQUIu6w0WsBJ8sekAg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":618,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音调\u0026简谱","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5b8e6a993d19406697d60a7296d3abff","width":404},"text":"","id":"doxcnw4ac2gqcY2sig3YqxBb1eY"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"简谱中的调与调号","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncAyS22WeYgkcO3Iackierb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1=F,表示这首曲子是F调的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkwYUi6U2Umq0sW4LB2uP19"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"简谱里常使用各种不同的调。调由两部分组成,即主音的高度与调式类别。简谱中,调号是用以确定1(do)音的音高位置的符号,其形式为1=( )(现在普遍都用“1”来作为调号的基准音),用作调号的音是调式主音,“1=F”就意味着这首乐曲是F调的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS08muk2eMogM0YicrSc2Bd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"简谱中的拍子和拍号","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6wCCw0wW8ygqaeGtRCABVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4/4,是表示这首曲子是44拍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIcOUyaugMy8keqdC3rnMFf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"将旋律的强拍与弱拍用固定音值进行强弱循环,有规律地组合,称为拍子。拍号一般标记在调号的后边。拍子分为单拍子与复拍子两种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaYQ66coSoKmcc1sobLITef"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"每小节的每一拍由一个完整音符即单纯音符组成的拍子,称为单拍子;每小节的每一拍由一个附点音符或与其等值的音符组成的拍子,称为复拍子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUYEEogmMi8UmSi5e4hJvIg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"音符的长短","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnauWEs4YUecOa8uzROt9g0b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在简谱中,1、2、3、4、5、6、7这七个基本音符,不仅仅表示音的高低大小,还表示时值长短的基本单位,称为四分音符,其他音符均是在四分音符的基础上通过加记短横线\"-\"和附点\"·\"表示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkKwcU8ocwY2SW2VzOXLakf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"单纯音符","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnme2uM6wUocWEGg70zaalcg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果音符时值的长短用短横线\" -\"表示,就称为单纯音符。单纯音符除四分音符外,在基本音符右侧加记一条短横线,表示增长一个四分音符的时值。这类加记在音符右侧、使音符时值增长的短横线,称为增时线。增时线越多,音符的时值越长。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2kYqiuSEsacQCOarhIvqdc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":261,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音调\u0026简谱","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/56479419a601443f97bdcc21602dffda","width":478},"text":"","id":"doxcnoewcWSyYQSS8uuB9TRuq8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在基本音符下方加记一条短横线,表示缩短原音符时值的一半。这类加记在音符下方、使音符时值缩短的短横线,称为减时线。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmSyekmOGuqMYu6cGpDdK1e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"减时线越多,音符的时值越短。单纯音符的名称以全音符为标准而定。如:全音符的二分之一称为二分音符,全音符的四分之一称为四分音符,其余类推。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQuOYOYKMucKA4ctWH1hYAd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"附点音符","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAs6EuWsEkK86WUcG0jZdIb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"附点就是记在音符右边的小圆点,表示增加前面音符时值的一半, 带附点的音符叫附点音符。简单点说,就是这个音要多唱半拍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6WYeIuSCC0sSVWeVwsDRuF"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比如“鸳鸯双栖蝶双飞”中,本来“双”只需要唱一秒,因为有了附点音符所以要唱1.5秒的延长音,本来要唱2秒,现在要唱3秒。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA8Keomsou8aaUR6AjgOHsf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"音高","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4AMI0eC6qKCKhsG0VSlWwW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在音符的上方加一个圆点(叫做高音点)表示高一个八度,在音符下方加一个圆点(叫做低音点)则表示低一个八度。若在上方加两个圆点,即表示高两个八度,在下方亦是如此,依此类推。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnu6Acw6o0QOKKGwRGdkHsJd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":99,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音调\u0026简谱","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1af57437ccf6490b9517bbd59a12decb","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcni8MkSymog2GoaeUMwYF5Kg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不带点的音符称为“中音”,带高音点的音符称为“高音”,带低音点的音符称为“低音”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCUGgsSE0AS00Q12NwxZFEg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"为了演奏(演唱)的方便,一般将乐曲音域的中音区记成不带点的音符(中音),这样可以减少一些记谱符号,看得更清楚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmekEeSkqsqy8S6IMzW3AUg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对应的音区称之为低音区、中音区、高音区。在音符上标点,在演奏乐器或者唱歌的时候找准音的高低。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsCMKE82mu28mmGDaGm8mWf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"延音线","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn28mm2Gcauy2q8SFrJ0gXWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音符后面有一根短横线。这个叫做延音线,意思就是唱到这里得拖长音。比如:第一句鸳鸯双栖蝶双飞~(此处用波浪表示延长)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCEa0CqmAGmQwSAvUF3cCOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"连音线","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyg6cqkMIcKQmeUYVN7fZfc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"两个音符上面有一个弧线叫做连音线,一般是给唱歌看的,表示一个字要对应几个音,中间不断开。意思是说,看到弧线就要将对应的字的读音分解开始唱。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYOqK0eeMiIeueox911BINb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比如第一句:鸳鸯双栖蝶双飞,“蝶”字上有连音线,蝶的读音大家知道,蝶=d+ie。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaCaWuWKYUyw2CwIsr8aj2c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所以唱的时候要这么唱:蝶~(拖ie的音)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnssUyIw6i6kgas7TqHPIMKf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"休止符","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncwMcEEW0eoiKkdhGtux0Zg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在简谱中表示音乐的休止(停顿)的符号称为休止符。简谱的休止符用O来表示。吹奏乐器的时候,看到休止符,就可以停止吹奏,然后等下一段节奏再吹奏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngggAkGw2c6uYgRyAUZxWwf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"休止符时值的长短与音符的时值基本相同,只是不用增时线,而用更多的O来代替,每增加一个O,表示增加一个相当于一个四分休止符的停顿时间,O越多,停顿的时间越长。在休止符下方加记不同数目的减时线,停顿的时间按比例缩短。常用休止符的写法、休止时值如下:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncIUCkI2Uw8Ck9sF8t9yGyp"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":105,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音调\u0026简谱","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8b1e7e535a344139878187260c2f705d","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnWayMMaakIGg6kLuUMyGXne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"小节线与终止线","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsIaiOoEicIWG4Rp2azP8Hf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在强拍面前,用来划分节拍单位的垂直线叫小节线。用来表示全曲结束的两条小节线,右边略粗于左边的一条叫终止线。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkUomYEoqEkIIWmY4N1Fnid"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"速度","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2aOGYCu0i00IIHuCEqLewc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有两种,一种是文字表示的,如“快速”、“中速”、“慢速”等等。一种是直接告诉你的。比如《女儿情》调号下面的表示为每一分钟唱70个4分音符。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0MMCeC0uWKqUAxHMxCANEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以上就是学简谱时都会学到的基础知识,相信大家对简谱有了更清晰的认识。当然这些知识只是乐理的入门部分,在学习过程中还会接触到更详细的学习内容,如果大家在这方面想了解到更多内容或者有疑问的地方都可以给老师留言,会一一帮大家解答的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU0KUKomWUAygLlHDVA6qj4"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":212,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"音调\u0026简谱","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e189309bdc9241b88de161e9d604bef2","width":1064},"text":"","id":"doxcnuW8qy2gk0YcGaUhmrPV7Gh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"指法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniaQw46U8I2Sogtg5LB0Mih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"手指的按法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYeikySCigmAcInaT2hRuBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"好比手中握着球,稍微弯曲,各手指不要伸的直直的,要有弯弯的感觉。按键时手指不要离开,可能的话轻轻摸着键。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng4GoMYYMkAKkq8C1ARkNLh"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":287,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"指法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bc7a4da220584c1b90bf06e58c5ce8f3","width":718},"text":"","id":"doxcnGKEouGqQ2AO0sLeymkytke"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":793,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"指法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/233e98db508146989b3acff815933879","width":385},"text":"","id":"doxcnimS20A0SAkiUQJb0picvDd"}],"text":"","id":"doxcn86KEiASWkKUKIdd17DgNUe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"曲目","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn86KEiASWkKUKIdd17DgNUe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《茉莉花》、《暗香》、《血色浪漫》、《天空之城》依次从简单到难度比较高,是练萨克斯必备的经典曲目。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4mG6uEue4gS2qeWj8EkpDf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"《茉莉花》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEwGeSw4gKqQkAV1hnAc9Kd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"萨克斯本身声音悠扬清亮,而这首乐曲把缥缈缠绵的意境表现得相当到位,在音质不好的播放器上往往会将声音表现成刺耳的高音,意境皆无。面对难以完美再现的萨克斯,尤其是清纯悠扬的清音效果和抒情的高音时,应该表现的完满而到位。层次感清晰分明,音质柔和不显刺耳,却极富穿透力。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUqWwEEKO08I4mEZU3WSR4I"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":361,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"《茉莉花》","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/67c8e76a96834c32b726bf1da96698d6","width":893},"text":"","id":"doxcn8SwOuAK8KsQec5aiBCcQbg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"《暗香》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw4O20s6QYWS8uM2Y1khQBc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOaQMeOUeO2wuiMEBXPNexb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":698,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"《暗香》","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/72070152301c4a97847bcfd59563945a","width":778},"text":"","id":"doxcnEWEKuKO6WkGcyZ8YlBWWsb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"《血色浪漫》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncQMS6soEea88kvMlY9OA9g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"此曲注意每个乐句的气流控制,掌握好正确的吸气方法。在演奏时略带喉音,乐句尾音稍带滑间,还需掌握好超高音的演奏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYMsWocW4AUMcccHkHNmGRj"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":723,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"《血色浪漫》","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3b9937e18d4146be953050ebad13fd4c","width":497},"text":"","id":"doxcnKkwUQQOeEqKsJJXZHnjHuP"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"《天空之城》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKg44mOomWukyqQnABkWNCe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用萨克斯演奏的《天空之城》带着一种天然的恬静,让人们陶醉其中,心里便有了一份宁静,和恩雅的音乐一样,能够洗涤内心的躁动,收获一份久违的静谧,不再为了一些琐事闹心。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCsAG2GCm08UqKq1qJs9sqc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":685,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"《天空之城》","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5ec0854a95124f9ba26637dddf40d0ef","width":563},"text":"","id":"doxcnw46mukaCQW04OQThVrWa8f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"保养","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk8AeS26UyIaAHSngYaVQob"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"保持干燥","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSagugGc8eUiWie8LNtFZDe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"每次吹奏完后总会有一些水份留在管内,不及时清理会腐蚀管体。在潮湿多雨的地区保持乐器干燥尤为重要。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4ss8goQ2QiMmeNWgcJ9Thb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"乐器使用完毕后,应取下弯脖,把管体内的水分倒出来,用柔软吸水的布简单擦拭下喇叭口处的水分,然后放在通风处15-20分钟,让其自然晾干。用过的清洁布不要直接和乐器放在一起,防止潮气滞留二次腐蚀乐器;通布条和口水棒也不建议使用,通布条来回擦,容易对皮垫的密封性造成很大的影响,漏气了或者卡在萨克斯里边就难办了","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGw0YYAuqWmw4EjCW66Yi9b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"口水棒是不吸水的材质,口水有碱性,用它等于用碱2次腐蚀管体加速氧化,也不建议使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaOwEmsC4y2mekLyQtqkfDd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"保持清洁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWyMssO68QUMM6VyDk0Fpxc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"萨克斯管结构复杂,音孔和音键多达数十个,不定期清洁容易在键轴、键杆和弹簧等部位积攒灰尘和污垢,会严重影响乐器机械性能的发挥,给演奏带来困难。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEUekK0IueSysA581uynR7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"吹奏完乐器后,应用清洁布擦拭管体表面的指纹和汗迹,否则容易侵蚀管体,加快萨克斯表面的氧化;使用萨克斯时间长了,键柱之间和键杆下面如果有浮尘,可用0.5寸左右的小毛刷轻轻打扫或者可以用卫生棉棒来小心清理。建议1-2周一次即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMq8MCosCkuyMCKGqgy7Byb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"哨片保养","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYAYcmkqEAIg6OKLx8kwgEb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"吹奏完毕后,哨片用后要取下,擦去水分,放入哨片夹内,妥善保管。短时休息时,一定要套上笛头帽。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkwuGw6iMYwu24hrKfbKPTh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笛头保养","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniWE2Kmk8Scy6grRkMFdEMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"笛头每次用完后用水冲洗干净,再用软布擦干即可,也可直接擦干净。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS8aWGCqGi22YEYy2JxRvjb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"键垫保养","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn62yWGOCWsSGsAlDLaLTZzf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"吹奏完毕后键垫有潮湿的情况出现,会硬化减少使用寿命;可用吸水纸夹在键垫与音孔之间。手按键子,将水分吸干,保持各部分的干燥,一定不要让纸屑留在音口上以免造成漏气现象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqQCOUQAaCgoiwf09JDZ92d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"按键灵活","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoGmKO0WmEOuc8RuP1fCiLe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"萨克斯管音调的变化主要依靠音键和音孔的变化来实现,因此尤其音键应具备高度的灵活性。所以应定期滴专用键油以增强它的灵活性并防止锈死。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUkcU86wgeO0wohkHl756nh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"每隔2个月在萨克斯各键连杆处注入萨克斯润滑油,不要太多,防止键油流到管体上导致漆面提早氧化,滴完后活动几下键子使油充分渗入,用软布把表面多余的油擦干净即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnow6sOs4kO6y4yaCxJx01Ke"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"乐器上固定各键连杆的各个螺丝,要进行经常性的检查,如有松动将其拧紧。由于萨克斯的泛音孔很小,较易堵塞,所以要定期清理。根据个人使用情况1-2年要到萨克斯维护中心做一次保养;如果萨克斯长时间未用,开始用的时候,需要做一次检查以及保养。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwM08yWoyiU2u8xu7sXlFed"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"手应该拿在萨克斯没有按键的部分,比如喇叭口或者上侧弯脖接口处,或者手拿指托处,一定要牢靠、稳妥;并且乐器放回箱包后,一定记得拉上箱包拉链,避免不小心乐器的滑出造成不必要的磕碰。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSCWImeg2kwEs4esu37RTBc"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E
2. yz302微机保护装置设定
逻辑思维是人们在认识事物的过程中,借助于概念、判断、推理等思维形式来反映客观现实的理性认识过程。基本的逻辑思维方法包括:抽象与概括、分析与综合,归纳与演绎,对比,原因与结果。
定义
逻辑思维的定义是:“是人的理性认识阶段,人运用概念、判断、推理等思维类型反映事物本质与规律的认识过程。”通俗点说,逻辑思维是建立在因果关系之上的,反映客观现实的思维方式。
逻辑思维具有规范、严密、确定和可重复的特点。
方法
分析和综合
分析指的是,把事物分解为各个部分、侧面、属性,分别加以研究,分析是认识事物整体的必要阶段。
综合则是把事物各个部分、侧面、属性按内在联系有机地统一为整体,以掌握事物的本质和规律。
分析和综合是互相渗透和转化的,在分析基础上综合,在综合指导下分析,分析与综合,循环往复,推动认识的深化和发展。
例如:证明两线段相等
综合法思路:已知条件→三角形全等或平行四边形→对应边或对边相等(线段相等)。
分析法思路:对应边或对边相等(线段相等)→三角形全等或平行四边形→已知条件。
归纳和演绎
归纳和演绎是认知事物和思考的逻辑法则。
简单通俗来说:归纳就是把具备某种相同属性的事物,一一列举出来,然后寻找共通点。
演绎法
演绎就是把互相之间形成影响的因素,按照事物因果顺序、时间先后顺序,重要程度顺序排列出来,再寻找突破口。
太极生两仪,两仪生四象,四象生八卦,这是演绎(由太极开始,向后递推的顺序)。
演绎推理的主要形式是“三段论”,由大前提、小前提、结论三部分组成。
大前提是已知的一般原理;
小前提是研究的特殊场合;
结论是将特殊场合归到一般原理之下得出的新知识。例如:
大前提:鸟都会飞;小前提:我是鸟;结论:所以我会飞。
归纳法
龙生龙,凤生凤,老鼠的儿子会打洞,这是归纳(龙,风,老鼠各为一类)。分析若干不同事物(思想、事件、事实)的主要特点,找出其中的共性、共同点,然后将其归类到同一个组中,并说明其共性。
抽象与概括
抽象
抽象是对同类事物中抽取出共同的、本质性的特征,舍弃其非本质的属性或特征的思维过程。
概括
概括指的是人脑在比较和抽象的基础上,把抽象出来的事物的共同本质特征综合起来,并推广到同类事物上的思维过程。
总结
抽象的过程往往是从多到一的过程,最后呈现的形式也是以“关键词”的方式,突出本质属性。而概括的过程最后呈现的都是一句完整表述本质属性的句子。
练习
1、认识到“鸟是一种有羽毛的,无齿有喙前肢为翼的动物”这是思维的( )过程。
A.具体化 B.抽象 C.概括 D.分析
解析:C。该题综合呈现了鸟的所有本质的属性,因此属于概括过程。
2、对乌鸦、企鹅、麻雀、鸵鸟等进行分析比较后,得出“羽毛”、“动物”、“前肢为翼”、“无齿有喙”是共同本质的属性,“飞”是非本质属性。这是思维的( )过程。
A.具体化 B.抽象 C.概括 D.分析
解析:B。该题从多个事物中,抽取出了鸟的本质属性是“羽毛”、“动物”、“前肢为翼”、“无齿有喙”,找到了鸟的特征。属于抽象的过程。
4. 分类和比较
分类
是指根据事物的共同性与差异性,把事物分类。具有相同属性的事物归入一类。具有不同属性的事物归入不同类。
比较
比较就是比较两个或两类事物的共同点和差异点,通过比较就能更好地认识事物的本质。
除了上述的逻辑思考方法,比较常见的还有对比(求同、存异)和因果两种,相对比较容易理解。逻辑性强的人,善于解构任务,化繁为简,剔除无用信息, 能用更短的时间解决更多的事情。所以,我们要利用方式和方法锻炼和提高逻辑思维。
提高逻辑思维
“PREP+A”的逻辑
P(Point,观点/论点),R(Reason,原因/理由/根据),E(Example,实例/例证),P(Point),A(Action,行动)。
在正式的谈话、讲演、文案中,一般可以遵循下面的逻辑/步骤:
P:首先,简洁明了的表明自己的观点/论点/主张,也就是你在说什么、你想要表达什么。
R:其次,说出支持你结论的“依据”,也就是回答 你凭什么这样认为,是基于哪种事实和解释?
E:再者,用实际的例证(资料、数据、个人例子等)来提高你结论或观点的说服力。
P:最后重复结论,确保自己想传达的信息,已确实传递。
A:行动就是你希望对方怎么做(根据实际需要,一把可以省略)。
小结:简单来讲,这个模式就是先从结论说起,再说明得出结论的理由及根据,然后举出具体事例佐证,最后再强调一次结论 。
掌握思维框架
如何去设计一个框架,这个方法来自元学习领域的相关知识,这些元学习领域的相关知识如下:
工作记忆、长时记忆、组块、提取、存储、必要难度、间隔效应、表征、初级表征、次级表征、心理表征、记忆、线索、遗忘曲线、图式、模式、联系、刻意练习、自我生成、详细阐述、分散练习、框架法。
举一个例子来区分一下,工作记忆与长时记,比如记住一个姓名:【xxx],默默5遍后可以记住这个名字,只不过这个姓名是在工作记忆里边。工作记忆不能被长时的保存,是一种临时的记忆。此时,从大脑里提取这个姓名,就是从工作记忆中直接提取出来。
隔了一会儿,再去提取“刚才记住在工作记忆”的姓名,再也提取不出来了。工作记忆,早已被新的内容刷空,如果“长时记忆”里边有记住这个姓名,我们就能从长时记忆里边把这个姓名提取到工作记忆。可惜的是,遗憾的是,长时记忆里边没有塑造出这个记忆。或者说长时记忆虽然保存了这个记忆,却提取不出来。
现在要利用元学习领域的知识来建立一个逻辑思维的框架,这个逻辑思维的框架是针对逻辑学而言,这就涉及到逻辑学领域的相关基础知识了。逻辑学领域的基础知识,个人提炼出来一些核心而又基础的概念,如下:属性、性质属性、关系属性、概念、内涵、外延、定义、划分、判断、假设Assumption、假定Hypothesis、推理、论证。
比如:以词语“人”作为切入点,通过词语“人”去衔接“属性、本质属性、概念、内涵、外延、划分、判断、推理、论证”。如何从一个词语“人”贯通整个逻辑框架呢?
人这个词语对应的概念--->概念对应外部世界的一类事物----->从一类事物之中“抽象、抽取”出属性--->本质属性---->概念、内涵、定义、外延、划分---->判断---->推理------>论证!
这些基础的概念之间是有联系的,刚开始学习逻辑学时,这些基础的概念在自己的大脑里是碎片化的、是分立的,是没法被联系起来。
东一处、西一处、南一处、北一处,各个概念之间缺乏联系,对逻辑学的认知就是以一些碎片的认知,不能拼成一个框架,缺乏一个框架把各个概念联系起来。
经典的模型
有人说“思维模型是你大脑中用于做决策的工具箱,你拥有的工具越多,你就能够做出正确的决策”,所以大家可以多学习经典思维模型,帮助自己做出正确的决策。
自我提问练习
在日常生活中,无论是看到、听到或读到一些关于重要信息或者让你有触动的信息时,都可以通过一些刻意的自我提问来锻炼自己的思维。比如读到一个观点时,就可以这样问自己:作者为什么会从这个角度切入?作者是如何形成这个结论?这个结论有什么缺点?如果我来写如何可以更好?
写作练习
可以每天拿一张纸,就写一个问题,然后我们再用树形结构逻辑思维,来对这个问题进行分析。用不同的角度,不同的视野,看看是否有新的想法,把这些东西再整理起来,先不要思考太多,想到一个问题就直接写。不能拖延。我们只要追寻自己原始的感受,不用想得很复杂,想到什么就直接写什么,别犹豫不决。培养这种树形结构逻辑思维,最忌讳的就是,原地兜圈子,因为这样会做无用功。
做结构笔记
结构式笔记主要是指:用思维导图搭建全书的框架架构。 将全书的内容浓缩在这一张图里,有利于我们迅速抓住重点,在日常思维导图的制作过程中,可以利用工具:XMIND,如果你有输出的需求,可以购买一个会员,如果只是想自己做完保存,也可以不购买会员。
使用思维导图
思维导图就是一种工具,可以利用有效图形来协助我们的思维表达的实用性工具,可以帮助我们发散思维,理清思路。当接到一个任务时,先要做的不应该是立马执行,而是先思考。因为有时候如果不思考,就会弄不清楚方向,就会挖掘不出甲方的真实需求。这时候我们就要打开思维导图,开始逻辑的分散性思考。
常见好用的思维导图工具有很多,比如:
亿图脑图MindMaster:强烈推荐,简单好用高颜值,模板社区10W+模板内容;
MindManager:推荐,思维导图老大哥,兼容Microsoft office,试用限制30天;
幕布:较推荐,极简风大纲笔记一键生成思维导图,较长时间无更新维护;
xmind:推荐,商业思维导图软件,高颜值+做图稳定,但没有提供在线版和云服务;
MindLine思维导图:较推荐,轻量级思维导图软件,功能较简约但界面缺乏设计感。
导图的用法
比如,一次会议可以分三个阶段。
第一个阶段,大家畅所欲言,发散思维,用思维导图把大家的想法用树状图画出来。
第二个阶段,评估想法。发现不同想法之间的联系,而且把有联系的想法用线条连接起来。
第三个阶段,集中思维,形成决议。把讨论中淘汰的想法都删除划掉,剩下的想法,分出主次和执行顺序,整理好开始执行。
个人的想法过程也一样。
实用主义的思维导图一定是杂乱的,画满了各种连线、重点符号、划掉符号,就像草稿纸一样。
花哨的装饰和美观的外表未必实用,真正的武器身上一定伤痕累累。
注意事项:
① 清楚制图目的
做思维导图之前,一定要弄清楚自己制图的目的是什么?是为了自己梳理思路还是交付于别人传播。如果是用于分享,就需要有一些设计思维。如果是帮助自己梳理思路,那么就不需要美观度上花去过多的时间。
② 信息传递
记住做思维导图重要的是梳理思维,视觉传达为辅助,帮助记忆,因此不能本末倒置,花过多的时间在视觉美化上面。
③ 语言要精炼
一张思维导图可以承载的信息毕竟有限,我们要学会深度理解信息、适当加工,尽量用明确、精炼的语言去传达。
④ 日常积累素材库
我们要在日常工作中不断累积建立好自己的素材库,可以是图标库、图片库、字体库、配色库、模型参考库等等,这样能够有效提高自己的作图效率。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"逻辑思维是人们在认识事物的过程中,借助于概念、判断、推理等思维形式来反映客观现实的理性认识过程。基本的逻辑思维方法包括:抽象与概括、分析与综合,归纳与演绎,对比,原因与结果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8nV0CaP1gBioZNAl16viZd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"定义","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn3y5Y9DAuSd8IZ8Fvnt9vth"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"逻辑思维的定义是:“是人的理性认识阶段,人运用概念、判断、推理等思维类型反映事物本质与规律的认识过程。”通俗点说,逻辑思维是建立在因果关系之上的,反映客观现实的思维方式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniIyQQ2atDkdktdVjutJy2c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"逻辑思维具有规范、严密、确定和可重复的特点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnxGu8Q9BlXGtsd0QxOc4sNd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":284,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"定义","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c92b46c7d9594921bcc268149ecf7643","width":499},"text":"","id":"doxcnYeAoFyXgoG6Bw515YanTtc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnHh0wO0uabhTxLEdzNIJSbg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"分析和综合","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnJdFf0JsxyUYdyRQXoBS1Ud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"分析指的是,把事物分解为各个","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"部分、侧面、属性","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",分别加以研究,分析是认识事物整体的必要阶段。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnzmk9qwIkOnnmgbiTUtkc0b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"综合则是把事物各个部分、侧面、属性按内在联系有机地统一为整体","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",以掌握事物的本质和规律。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn51iwDuIueTyVm0EZ0iSJXe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"分析和综合是互相渗透和转化的,在分析基础上综合,在综合指导下分析,分析与综合,循环往复,推动认识的深化和发展。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaHAb5qficN093Gybqwd2Zb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"例如:证明两线段相等","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnDmsQFeRsbnmxmBQqtkfihc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"综合法思路:已知条件→三角形全等或平行四边形→对应边或对边相等(线段相等)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnJXBBK0PyEm8MRqMPLdTxqk"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"分析法思路:对应边或对边相等(线段相等)→三角形全等或平行四边形→已知条件。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnvYa57tfHUnnB3Gg04dduNh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":500,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"分析和综合","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0fd1d58e3478495198e90844f13d74fa","width":454},"text":"","id":"doxcnEXWCO5YkLSxnaXaJ67hhGg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"归纳和演绎","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnechh7aC4gVd56HCONiwsTb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"归纳和演绎是认知事物和思考的逻辑法则。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyFFM2ZjIIf96p8Jwq1Uqic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"简单通俗来说:归纳就是把具备某种相同属性的事物,一一列举出来,然后寻找共通点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnpdVMJbpOF78vcB4djk2OUe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"演绎法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnZ6Y9qJn1rXmV38sd408vIb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"演绎就是把互相之间形成影响的因素,按照事物因果顺序、时间先后顺序,重要程度顺序排列出来,再寻找突破口。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYByTG8gikZCJ5s7zBflvDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"太极生两仪,两仪生四象,四象生八卦,这是演绎(由太极开始,向后递推的顺序)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0Av5bx0jZxkPxMY2t1B9zh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"演绎推理的主要形式是“三段论”,由大前提、小前提、结论三部分组成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnvcYMrtU8WJ3Gii34JDZgOd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大前提是已知的一般原理;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcndgBTRyblmpSWqED4LK4tOg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"小前提是研究的特殊场合;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnRJ80cikP22K9PJEY2hXPPk"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"结论是将特殊场合归到一般原理之下得出的新知识。例如:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG58cGbZJwgogooH7OD3zDg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大前提:鸟都会飞;小前提:我是鸟;结论:所以我会飞。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnnz5QDd3K6SAS8xeOS1SS4c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"归纳法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnJDVSVwyT8MOBeqQ0oG4t8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"龙生龙,凤生凤,老鼠的儿子会打洞,这是归纳(龙,","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"风","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",老鼠各为一类)。分析若干不同事物(思想、事件、事实)的主要特点,找出其中的共性、共同点,然后将其归类到同一个组中,并说明其共性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0ZnkoIC54y0eiDNQwpnbVf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":350,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"归纳法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fef97b46b9944a3f990b90f35d001f8e","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnBa1FSoLKfqj7bgbDOEi1vc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"抽象与概括","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnnaOYipK3GeELax0RUr8GxX"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"抽象","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnvR7fIigXYjvgnXzdY3reqR"},{"type":"paragraph","childre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)过程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnusEFnzvTE8Ynt0r1U5jOod"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"A.具体化 B.抽象 C.概括 D.分析","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnNHjHP3g3FZf0500OKKAw3f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"解析:C。该题综合呈现了鸟的所有本质的属性,因此属于概括过程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnTBomBI6YhTiBkU7Ufzooge"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、对乌鸦、企鹅、麻雀、鸵鸟等进行分析比较后,得出“羽毛”、“动物”、“前肢为翼”、“无齿有喙”是共同本质的属性,“飞”是非本质属性。这是思维的( )过程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2DIJAkup57ubfixgWf3PgP"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"A.具体化 B.抽象 C.概括 D.分析","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnchjt2AzGcrsTxqnSEd78jb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"解析:B。该题从多个事物中,抽取出了鸟的本质属性是“羽毛”、“动物”、“前肢为翼”、“无齿有喙”,找到了鸟的特征。属于抽象的过程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMrrSi1RTckuNYd4RFaa8Tg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":624,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"练习","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9d1bff7e3c704c1d9bd16bae5ee0920f","width":942},"text":"","id":"doxcnCB9oqyrs7QteqwnkzgyGFg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"4. 分类和比较","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcndX1Ai2smjzi1eZWtPDjBQc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"分类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4x8zG45O2XwTEkgvZxarwc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"是指根据事物的共同性与差异性,把事物分类。具有相同属性的事物归入一类。具有不同属性的事物归入不同类。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnTJ1N81u7SUkMFjRuxoNhFh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"比较","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnBVmuXk9jDt1wkVZlnm9Myc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比较就是比较两个或两类事物的共同点和差异点,通过比较就能更好地认识事物的本质。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSnlIjOIYger2onEF1wPVZw"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":302,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"比较","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/afe0f05e87e945728a2fd9027775086c","width":697},"text":"","id":"doxcnpqmsHzoXGConSMYLAj6bof"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"除了上述的逻辑思考方法,比较常见的还有对比(求同、存异)和因果两种,相对比较容易理解。逻辑性强的人,善于解构任务,化繁为简,剔除无用信息, 能用更短的时间解决更多的事情。所以,我们要利用方式和方法锻炼和提高逻辑思维。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnilJwnXtfeu7X6RVJy8PmVf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"提高逻辑思维","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn5JJKCIb6NBCvOMfSjY6a6f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"“PREP+A”的逻辑","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnD16lE1129JQ20Ta1wIl65e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"P(Point,观点/论点),R(Reason,原因/理由/根据),E(Example,实例/例证),P(Point),A(Action,行动)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnvAmTG8DpOcMwi2obfIzWof"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在正式的谈话、讲演、文案中,一般可以遵循下面的逻辑/步骤:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnapgdMQruFfSwnpsqbJmfug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"P:首先,简洁明了的表明自己的观点/论点/主张,也就是你在说什么、你想要表达什么。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnZNJDJ6kFlXW0jy4ZlYGhOd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"R:其次,说出支持你结论的“依据”,也就是回答 你凭什么这样认为,是基于哪种事实和解释?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoNBY5PtzGTf8kJmDaRUAmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"E:再者,用实际的例证(资料、数据、个人例子等)来提高你结论或观点的说服力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuuuRS1kxXnPpPypxLzHQu8"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"P:最后重复结论,确保自己想传达的信息,已确实传递。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnNGekacVndfNmQlBTlla77f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"A:行动就是你希望对方怎么做(根据实际需要,","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"一把","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"可以省略)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnzcXAug6BJuUzKaX4MyFM5c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"小结:简单来讲,这个模式就是先从结论说起,再说明得出结论的理由及根据,然后举出具体事例佐证,最后再强调一次结论 。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn98WiLvkPy1pvaKThDAK51f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1181,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"“PREP+A”的逻辑","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0ae685e68dcc4ae4a5eaf3075859a74f","width":1920},"text":"","id":"doxcnXAnSTun4KMcpiOnWaaBIkb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"掌握思维框架","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnxcXMwwpWfrCwCet1sorrQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如何去设计一个框架,这个方法来","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"自元","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"学习领域的相关知识,这些元学习领域的相关知识如下:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQsoQtuiIIYkapgIJScj91f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工作记忆、长时记忆、组块、提取、存储、必要难度、间隔效应、表征、初级表征、次级表征、心理表征、记忆、线索、遗忘曲线、图式、模式、联系、刻意练习、自我生成、详细阐述、分散练习、框架法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnTqrAiCfAeZ9gjyHpj30HZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"举一个例子来区分一下,工作记忆与长时记,比如记住一个姓名:【xxx],默默5遍后可以记住这个名字,只不过这个姓名是在工作记忆里边。工作记忆不能被长时的保存,是一种临时的记忆。此时,从大脑里提取这个姓名,就是从工作记忆中直接提取出来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnbRpkyhKmcauP3Z0rCnYPWe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"隔了一会儿,再去提取“刚才记住在工作记忆”的姓名,再也提取不出来了。工作记忆,早已被新的内容刷空,如果“长时记忆”里边有记住这个姓名,我们就能从长时记忆里边把这个姓名提取到工作记忆。可惜的是,遗憾的是,长时记忆里边没有塑造出这个记忆。或者说长时记忆虽然保存了这个记忆,却提取不出来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn9BP6wtszUmTI2iHTU1aEqf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQV9onLDvPYvw3JzboFvEzg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":256,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"掌握思维框架","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7ef07f423e004067b5167462d1e51730","width":512},"text":"","id":"doxcnLemivPNyz6MJsensxn6djg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现在要利用元学习领域的知识来建立一个逻辑思维的框架,这个逻辑思维的框架是针对逻辑学而言,这就涉及到逻辑学领域的相关基础知识了。逻辑学领域的基础知识,个人提炼出来一些核心而又基础的概念,如下:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"属性、性质属性、关系属性、概念、内涵、外延、定义、划分、判断、假设Assumption、假定Hypothesis、推理、论证。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmVb2xHPWKBGjU1bSH8Oimh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比如:以词语“人”作为切入点,通过词语“人”去衔接“属性、本质属性、概念、内涵、外延、划分、判断、推理、论证”。如何从一个词语“人”贯通整个逻辑框架呢?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnN26r1LOVkPAfw1on9dPaoW"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":373,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"掌握思维框架","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7688ed31af9e4809925df576e6aff1a5","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnwxhq95LmRmQAk9KRKt6msC"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"人这个词语对应的概念---\u003e概念对应外部世界的一类事物-----\u003e从一类事物之中“抽象、抽取”出属性---\u003e本质属性----\u003e概念、内涵、定义、外延、划分----\u003e判断----\u003e推理------\u003e论证!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKvR98NYiUTO2HJJCMc6Jse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这些基础的概念之间是有联系的,刚开始学习逻辑学时,这些基础的概念在自己的大脑里是碎片化的、是分立的,是没法被联系起来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnfbNbYHgHzVgKQ5e6oFPHMb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":234,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"掌握思维框架","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0f4b74fc4d4c499ca2582e7532cf1853","width":307},"text":"","id":"doxcnKzRGnQj1hlEQH55Tk819le"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"东一处、西一处、南一处、北一处,各个概念之间缺乏联系,对逻辑学的认知就是以一些碎片的认知,不能拼成一个框架,缺乏一个框架把各个概念联系起来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSO5ImPmaE7aXbQOEkirLDh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"经典的模型","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnLijXnKd8OboQ88pmhbnQPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有人说“思维模型是你大脑中用于做决策的工具箱,你拥有的工具越多,你就能够做出正确的决策”,所以大家可以多学习经典思维模型,帮助自己做出正确的决策。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYQFpfLKjRwSJrIMJwf3WMh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":753,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"经典的模型","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2e6acdc4bca743bc9b0151ddaef91ff2","width":821},"text":"","id":"doxcn9EEvdqrw11HV27kkMUAa2g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"自我提问练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnucB2ZaBMsQSSRYvqWfsA6c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在日常生活中,无论是看到、听到或读到一些关于重要信息或者让你有触动的信息时,都可以通过一些刻意的自我提问来锻炼自己的思维。比如读到一个观点时,就可以这样问自己:作者为什么会从这个角度切入?作者是如何形成这个结论?这个结论有什么缺点?如果我来写如何可以更好?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8i5YfGrJmeb97EtSiBdT2e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":400,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"自我提问练习","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2d3775f09de94d349f5362df97b72f99","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcnkHVXG6UaBNrAADUe08ejJc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"写作练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcntbKMqA3oOrkmxidZJGrDsf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可以每天拿一张纸,就写一个问题,然后我们再用树形结构逻辑思维,来对这个问题进行分析。用不同的角度,不同的视野,看看是否有新的想法,把这些东西再整理起来,先不要思考太多,想到一个问题就直接写。不能拖延。我们只要追寻自己原始的感受,不用想得很复杂,想到什么就直接写什么,别犹豫不决。培养这种树形结构逻辑思维,最忌讳的就是,原地兜圈子,因为这样会做无用功。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnETW9ZnINMYM8iz8F1hc0cg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":500,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"写作练习","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos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将全书的内容浓缩在这一张图里,有利于我们迅速抓住重点,在日常思维导图的制作过程中,可以利用工具:XMIND,如果你有输出的需求,可以购买一个会员,如果只是想自己做完保存,也可以不购买会员。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY13UikzlaLiLuq2MwLC0Th"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":669,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"做结构笔记","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d7d2b5c55be94f36903550a17cdf10d0","width":1080},"text":"","id":"doxcnnLjsAOqXdJ2ul9nFxSRXie"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用思维导图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkOl7abl7o8zavwCaxWXLwf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"思维导图就是一种工具,可以利用有效图形来协助我们的思维表达的实用性工具,可以帮助我们发散思维,理清思路。当接到一个任务时,先要做的不应该是立马执行,而是先思考。因为有时候如果不思考,就会弄不清楚方向,就会挖掘不出甲方的真实需求。这时候我们就要打开思维导图,开始逻辑的分散性思考。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcndgqN16nFdbsEPIcV1FO6Jf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":365,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"使用思维导图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1ad3578583bb46d5a91652a564a74cf3","width":500},"text":"","id":"doxcno8cbRZuiM4yWM0D9npf9xc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"常见好用的思维导图工具有很多,比如:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnHB8sU7KnfmlLKxaGzvH6Jg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":192,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"使用思维导图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d2bfe472af354d1b8012784a7f72f932","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnQH9cWtnzlFIrSRKczEoXM4"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"亿图脑图MindMaster:强烈推荐,简单好用高颜值,模板社区10W+模板内容;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnjWUPpn4bpEYmVSj2sOc4Qe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"MindManager:推荐,思维导图老大哥,兼容Microsoft office,试用限制30天;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnv7qPmvwkig9o8D4te05jrd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"幕布:较推荐,极简风大纲笔记一键生成思维导图,较长时间无更新维护;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2jcR7TO6bAyMk4HIzkXjVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"xmind:推荐,商业思维导图软件,高颜值+做图稳定,但没有提供在线版和云服务;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnXbUBnSh0iggYRFX44cHzze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"MindLine思维导图:较推荐,轻量级思维导图软件,功能较简约但界面缺乏设计感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnzeEjinmWUElcchxzxq6Iad"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"导图的用法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnvDf72mxIuvCE9YmOoS8ptn"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比如,一次会议可以分三个阶段。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn5uOSbXnTGLrvlX7WeIGtfe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一个阶段,大家畅所欲言,发散思维,用思维导图把大家的想法用树状图画出来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcndIIqITk6Z4TrwMuLiFEhCe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二个阶段,评估想法。发现不同想法之间的联系,而且把有联系的想法用线条连接起来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn5VHDmIq5TiGwZSJ220Tllc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三个阶段,集中思维,形成决议。把讨论中淘汰的想法都删除划掉,剩下的想法,分出主次和执行顺序,整理好开始执行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnBIap6d1hCscA8CVUPFG7Ce"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"个人的想法过程也一样。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA4c5In3BNlhHu4CrRL7qqb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"实用主义的思维导图一定是杂乱的,画满了各种连线、重点符号、划掉符号,就像草稿纸一样。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnBbWqsOnPRNgLLrWEPonsAg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"花哨的装饰和美观的外表未必实用,真正的武器身上一定伤痕累累。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnXIkBDBoQmF3tAgxiwxKpGf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":311,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"导图的用法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cfb24c12796c4319884fe62f92c73450","width":400},"text":"","id":"doxcnL6qaG5ecZuepwWezkPgpVe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnfoFPWt9tp1go0UxurgtEBe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"① 清楚制图目的","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnetRvWjVEw1w0qWOMtZR1Sb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"做思维导图之前,一定要弄清楚自己制图的目的是什么?是为了自己梳理思路还是交付于别人传播。如果是用于分享,就需要有一些设计思维。如果是帮助自己梳理思路,那么就不需要美观度上花去过多的时间。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYz787WLlgyYsDVExxQjCPg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"② 信息传递","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnl9CZ4jznxh116m9ansCnXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"记住做思维导图重要的是梳理思维,视觉传达为辅助,帮助记忆,因此不能本末倒置,花过多的时间在视觉美化上面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoVvaIFicoAbGK9RGh9wvWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"③ 语言要精炼","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnylhnLbv667pX9ZlP8jrckg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一张思维导图可以承载的信息毕竟有限,我们要学会深度理解信息、适当加工,尽量用明确、精炼的语言去传达。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnxNFq9G4uVgCeSWiIJXkkvb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"④ 日常积累素材库","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6l0edyfh0JnTYeVf7agooc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"我们要在日常工作中不断累积建立好自己的素材库,可以是图标库、图片库、字体库、配色库、模型参考库等等,这样能够有效提高自己的作图效率。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA2jY2aWeM176jZFEY1rtve"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E3. yz302综合微机保护装置说明书
大部分人认为学平面设计,需要学3-5年,但其实不是这样的。
平面设计自学需要从简单的理论基础开始,学习基本的设计软件,掌握基本的设计技能那就是自学的最重要的步骤。
下面让我们一起来学习吧!
了解平面设计
简单来说,平面设计就是一种用美术的方法描述一个企业或产品的过程。极具创意的设计可以为品牌的个性创造出更加丰富的层面。既然是用“美术”的方法,美术知识还是绕不过去的难点。一听说要学美术,没有个三五年的功力怎么能玩转?很多入不了门的小伙伴就在这一步被吓回去了。
漫漫几个世纪的美术史不必全部啃下来,只需要熟悉业革命之后才建立起来的设计史体系。三个重要的设计革命运动了解一下(工艺美术运动、新艺术运动、装饰艺术运动)重要的设计流派和理论知识记一下。对于理论和历史知识感兴趣的小伙伴们,一本理论教材推荐给大家,尹定邦老师的《设计学概论》这本书可能有些枯燥,但对于设计史的梳理方法还是有可取之处的。
对于美术有更高追求的小伙伴不妨在网上搜集“纪录片《西方艺术史》(全六集)(哔哩哔哩网站)”的公开课资源,长远来讲,这对提升审美很有帮助,了解西方艺术的脉络后看展逛艺术馆博物馆的也不会再一头雾水了。
同时根据所处行业/岗位不同,会涉及到以下内容,同时它们也是相互穿插交错着的,大家也不必太过纠结分类是否合理:
1.印刷类设计:需要学习一些印前技术知识,比如:名片、VIP卡、宣传单(也叫DM单)、海报等。
2.户外喷绘类设计:店招、灯箱、吊旗、海报、舞台背景等。
3.包装类设计:还需要学习产品包装材质、外形、尺寸、刀模等专业知识。
4.品牌类设计:企业VIS设计、logo设计、字体设计,这对矢量图形软件有非常掌握才能胜任。
5.web类设计:网页设计、U设计、淘宝店铺装修,通常还会学习到html+css3方面的行业知识。
设计的基础
学习平面设计最重要的就是基础,而下面三点就是我们必须掌握的基础,只有掌握好基础,在以后的学习中就会事半功倍。
素描基础
光影、结构、透视
美术知识并不只是单纯指“画画”,只要掌握基础的素描基础就可以,学画画可以教我们用美术的眼光来观察和分析客观世界,素描基础为之后独立设计提供的实用工具。学习素描能锻炼我们造型的能力,是积累视觉元素的一种方式,平面设计则是通过构图、造型、配色来表现设计与创意。因此,学好素描,在设计时能迅速的表现自己的设计风格, 传递自己的设计信息与理念。
学习顺序
要动手画一画,经过一至两周的学习后,理解并画出类似的概念图。 绘画的能力是难以速成的,需要日积月累的练习。练习的方法可以从临摹基本的几何体开始慢慢增加难度到静物、组合静物、人物速写、肖像、半身像,按照这个顺序循序渐进。
素描学习方法
其实学习素描基础,比起看理论书不如找课跟着画跟着练学的快。《中国美术视频网》等美术教育网站有大量传统的素描学习资源;另外豆瓣上有一个关于自学素描的《小触手的书房》的小站,也有很多国内外的教学视频。
素描基础建议学习时间:可以学习一至两周。
三大构成
所谓"构成”是一种造型概念,其含义是将不同形态的几个以上的单元重新组构成一个新的单元。三大构成是平面设计的基础,必须掌握。
平面构成
平面构成主要在二度空间范围之内 ,以轮廓线划分图与地之间的界线,描绘形象。它所表现的立体空间并不是真实的三维空间,而仅仅是图形对人的视觉引导作用形成的幻觉空间。
色彩构成
色彩构成即色彩的相互作用,是从人对色彩的知觉和心理效果出发,用科学分析的方法,把复杂的色彩现象还原为基本要素,利用色彩在空间、量与质上的可变幻性,按照一定的规律去组合各构成之间的相互关系,再创造出新的色彩效果的过程。
立体构成
立体构成是使用各种材料将造型要素按照美的原则组成新立体的过程。立体构成的构成要素是点线、面、体、色彩和空间诸方面。它的形成仍然是形式美诸法则,如对比调和、对称均衡、比例节奏、韵律、多样、统一等,重要的是通过设计创造意境。
学习建议
建议学习时间:三大构成建议和素描基础一同学习,学习时间一到两周,关于三大构成的学习书籍,重磅推荐(日)朝仓直已的《艺术设计》系列,这套丛书共有《艺术●设计的立体构成》《艺术设计的平面构成》,《艺术●设计的色彩构成》,《艺术●设计的光构成》,《艺术.设计的纸的构成》5本。
版式知识
版式设计原理
关于版式设计,两本书推荐给大家,一本是(日)伊达千代的《版面设计的原理》,这本书有五章一、建立条例;二、添加变化;三、突出强调;四、设计技巧;五、颜色搭配。这本很适合作为入门的基础,其优点是本书的结构条理清晰,不足是书中的例子有些过时。
所以,搭配美国设计师John McWade的《超越平凡的平面设计》系列来看非常合适。《超越平凡的平面设计》本书先全面地讲解平面设计的基本知识,然后分享了实用的设计方法和技巧。它的出色之处在于它详细解读了许多完整的设计案例----包括宣传册、新闻简报、网页、幻灯片等。
建议学习时间
版式设计原理是比较重要的,特别是对于我们后面的设计来说,所以推荐可以用两周的时间进行学习。阶段建议:了解版式设计原则,比如什么是版心、什么是边距、两者之间的作用是什么等等。熟练掌握排版设计的常用版式,好的作品搭配适合的版式才能帮助我们展示出创意的最佳视觉效果。
自学的途径
对于平面设计的学习途径,无论你是从看书学理论出发,还是从软件的学习开始,只要你走在学习的路上那么最后一定会完成自己的梦想。
通过书籍自习
自学最好的途径之一就是通过自己阅读相关书籍,来掌握一定的设计基础,而掌握了设计基础才是最终设计之路长短的关键,下面推荐几本对于平面设计基础非常有帮助的几本书。
设计初级阶段
在设计刚刚开始的初级阶段,除了大量的练习,更应该多学习基础,下面推荐在自学阶段必须阅读的两本书籍,大家可以自行购买阅读,在阅读中最好用笔记本记录起来,方便之后的设计中可以运用。《配色设计原理》作者是日本奥博斯科编辑部,通过简明易懂的作品,学习实用又系统的配色原则。将具体的设计案例进行修改前后对比,然后分析如何使用配色,让作品更具有效果和表现力。
《写给大家看的设计书》出自一位世界级设计师罗宾威廉姆斯(Robin Williams)之手,将优秀设计的秘诀归纳为对比、重复、对齐和亲密性四条基本原则,并用简洁通俗、幽默生动的文笔,同时配大量前后对比的实例图解和设计练习(并提供解答),直观而清晰地传授给读者。
平面设计进阶
经过前期的学习,我们已经掌握了一定的平面设计的基础,那么我们可以学习优秀的案例,在这些案例中可以让自己的设计增添色彩,同时可以学习美术内容,例如插画、油画等,可以整加对于色彩的配色,对在平面设计实践里有很大的帮助。对绘画追求比较高,不满足于只画瓶瓶罐罐,想学画人物的小伙伴,可学习《伯里曼人体结构》,这本书是插画设计必刷宝典。
《版式设计原理●案例篇》是由四个设计师合著完成,本书从版式结构、文字要素、色彩、图片、网页版式五个章节,将很多设计法则中的成功案例和失败案例进行对比,引导读者思考什么才是更好的版式设计。当读者完成思考后在文章的下一页给出作者的观点,并指出对应的设计要点。这样让读者带着问题去思考,通过案例对比的方法快速而牢固地掌握版式设计的基本原理。
书籍自学建议
通过初阶和进价的学习,我们已经养成了阅读平面设计书籍的好习惯,那么在书籍阅读的过程中要保持随时做笔记的好习惯。养成定期买书充实自己的好习惯,做设计如果不看书持续学习,创意总是有枯竭的一天,看书可以保持灵感。
通过软件自学
视频课程的学习,通常是以软件操作,以及实战案例的学习作为切入点,这也算是学习平面设计,最快速入行的捷径吧。
photoshop
PS是设计软件最基础也是最重要的,作为平面设计师,只要你需要和位图打交道, Ps在设计工作流程中一定是占主导的作用。在初学PS时要力求把每个工具的使用以及图层、蒙版、通道三大核心知识掌握通透,以便往后学习高阶的PS实例教程能够知其所以然,学习PS要坚持对照教程每天练习,同时需要掌握快捷键的使用。
推荐PS入门教程(3套)
第①套:《PS大神通关教程》作者:祁连山,是免费的PS教程。若要学习,前往平面设计学习日记网,拉到底部点击即可学习。第②套:《敬伟ps教程》作者:敬伟。这部PS教程内容丰富,扫除知识盲点。第③套:《Photoshop CS6零基础入门教程》,作者:田婧。课时13个小时,教程涵盖图层、蒙版、通道三大基础,以及工具滤镜、动画、路径等命令的使用,能让初学者彻底掌握PS的操作技法。
illustrator/CorelDRAW
AI是做矢量图的最便捷常用的软件,除了AI外,在一些偏工业化的设计中,矢量软件CorelDRAW
也时常用到。
indesign
是一款简单快捷的排版软件,适用于书籍、画册、杂志、宣传单等需要规范排版的项目。
辅助类软件
Ae、Pr、FI和Lr都可以作为平面设计辅助软件。Ae是视频后期处理必不可少的软件,号称能动的Ps。对于UI和动效方向Ae也是必须掌握的实用软件。Pr是音视频剪辑最常用的软件之一。Flash是交互式矢图和Web动画的常用软件,可以和Dw配合做网站设计,也可以和矢量软件配合做动画动效等。Lightroom是一款非常专业的图形图像软件,在摄影时使用最多。比起PS,它可以加快对图片后期处理的速度。
软件自学建议
在学习这些基础软件的时候,一定要先了解这些软件框架,再此基础上对照课程的内容来多次练习,就可以很好的将这些软件应用,最重要的是要运用好快捷键,因为在后面的设计环节,这些快捷键的使用会让我们的设计时间事半功倍。
PS快捷键
学习设计经验
平面设计最重要的学习途径,就是看别人的经验/教程/分享自学平面设计,下面这些分类都是学习的途径。
公开课平台
网易公开课:中国美术学院素描课程
网易公开课:早期平面设计历史讲坛
网易公开课:什么是艺术设计?
网易公开课:平面设计基础,视觉设计的核心原则
中国大学MOOC(幕课):最好的在线课程学习平台
Coursera:全世界最好的课程
优酷网:《啊!设计》,日本设计科教部片
设计文化课
BBC纪录片:《Design for Life Season》
TEDTalk的纪录片:《我的字体人生My life in typefaces》
哔哩哔哩视频:柳冠中教授系列视频
优酷视频:“中国创意”产品设计大赛全国院校巡回讲座第一站一华东理工
优酷视频:“中国创意”产品设计大赛全国院校巡回讲座第五场一上海理工大学
爱奇艺视频:让设计师们揪心的视频,据说好多设计师看哭了
平面设计教程
勤学网,职业技能高效学习平台: u.qinxue.com/z17921/774 (对我帮助甚大。)
敬伟PS教程: www.jingweips.cn (无微不至,讲解细致)
虎课网,我的设计自学神器: huke88.com/?.. (建议人手与个全站通终身VIP)
翼狐网,平面设计VIP专区: yihuu.com/ip/... (国内最早一批线上CG教育网)
46PS网: 46ps.com/
网络10大热门PS教程排行榜: http://ps.xxriji.cn/
设计素材资源
平面广告设计模板:https://ibaotu.com/guanggao/?spm=kd(直接拿来就用)设计师生不逢时,被临时委派任务,又赶时间时,通常只能直接套版成品,但又要避免侵权,所以这个网站必须收下。帮助你快速出图的设计利器:
千图网:https://www.58pic.com/
千库网:https://588ku.com/
我图网:https://www.ooopic.com/intro/about/show/
非凡图库:https://www.lvmeng.cn/
素材中国:http://www.sccnn.com/map.html
图片类资源
优质的图片资源对于平面设计老师而言也非常的重要,下面这些是有大量优秀图片的网站。
花瓣鼻祖:https/huaban.com/pins/3444996216
昵图网:https://www.nipic.com/
素材网:http://www.sccnn.com/
摄图网:https://699pic.com/
中国新闻网:https://www.chinanews.com.cn/
汇图网:https://www.huitu.com/
包图网:https://ibaotu.com/
设计交流网站
平面设计也必须学习优秀的经验,好的经验会让设计少走弯路,下面这些网站都可以学习到设计师们分享的经验。
站酷:https://www.zcool.com.cn/
思否:https://segmentfault.com/
优设-UISDC:https://www.uisdc.com/
京东设计中心:https://jelly.jd.com/
设计癖:https://www.shejipi.com/
腾讯CDC:https://cdc.tencent.com/
UI中国:https://www.ui.cn/list.html
学ui网:https://www.xueui.cn/
中国设计在线:http://www.ccdol.com/hangye/designer/
自学方法
对于通过这些进行自己学习,那么有以下方法推荐:
第一,多听优秀的设计课,特别是名校设计师的课,从不同的角度去看设计,会让自己的设计与众不同。第二,多掌握素材,在上面推荐的平台去了解最新的设计素材,只有掌握好设计的素材,才可以在这些基础上创作出更好的设计作品,多积累初材料,应用时会有才永远有灵感。第三,建立自己的素材库,好的素材永远都在不断更新,只有建立自己的素材库才会更好的创作。
最后学习建议
平面设计的学习需要日积月累,同学们在学习的过程中,需要多次练习,保持每天一练习,收集灵感、画草图是在平面设计生涯里需要每天练习的, 并且在练习中最重要的就是要练习软件,软件一定是要保持每天练习,熟悉快捷键会让完成设计作品,长期以往,我们一定会自学成才!创作出好作品!
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"大部分人认为学平面设计,需要学3-5年,但其实不是这样的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnekuegM6uowU44vERdIqXbg"},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"平面设计自学需要从简单的理论基础开始,学习基本的设计软件,掌握基本的设计技能那就是自学的最重要的步骤。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWSQS8uskgqMUshjoQtP2Uc"},{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"下面让我们一起来学习吧!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyC8QeIymYc06oTvprTShSg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"了解平面设计","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyeuUM8a802ickVVzOIAyof"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"简单来说,平面设计就是一种用美术的方法描述一个企业或产品的过程。极具创意的设计可以为品牌的个性创造出更加丰富的层面。既然是用“美术”的方法,美术知识还是绕不过去的难点。一听说要学美术,没有个三五年的功力怎么能玩转?很多入不了门的小伙伴就在这一步被吓回去了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniuGiMiAuEUAsC03rQK460b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":449,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"了解平面设计","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7515c51e749d45e3a494055a9fba1405","width":696},"text":"","id":"doxcnQOuG4uI2COAmEN4DclGvhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"漫漫几个世纪的美术史不必全部啃下来,只需要熟悉业革命之后才建立起来的设计史体系。三个重要的设计革命运动了解一下(工艺美术运动、新艺术运动、装饰艺术运动)重要的设计流派和理论知识记一下。对于理论和历史知识感兴趣的小伙伴们,一本理论教材推荐给大家,尹定邦老师的《设计学概论》这本书可能有些枯燥,但对于设计史的梳理方法还是有可取之处的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm46yo8WogMkOc7rzX4Bs3e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":500,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"了解平面设计","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0622e05de8744c81b6029442efdf5c51","width":355},"text":"","id":"doxcnogQQKMQA4QiMwP0uUltvqc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对于美术有更高追求的小伙伴不妨在网上搜集“纪录片《西方艺术史》(全六集)(哔哩哔哩网站)”的公开课资源,长远来讲,这对提升审美很有帮助,了解西方艺术的脉络后看展逛艺术馆博物馆的也不会再一头雾水了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2mGeqy8MUyigaokPKxJR0b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":306,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"了解平面设计","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/78528e400c40479faac406117751c52d","width":449},"text":"","id":"doxcnGGAyOCYkQUOK0LOHxLUSrb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"同时根据所处行业/岗位不同,会涉及到以下内容,同时它们也是相互穿插交错着的,大家也不必太过纠结分类是否合理:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6i64gS68a4KmeZ20TjT2SL"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1.印刷类设计:需要学习一些印前技术知识,比如:名片、VIP卡、宣传单(也叫DM单)、海报等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmWAqWmWEoSC64BtUIS3KXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.户外喷绘类设计:店招、灯箱、吊旗、海报、舞台背景等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniisO2MyyoqWkEprMxTUIrc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3.包装类设计:还需要学习产品包装材质、外形、尺寸、刀模等专业知识。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQOoOeciOq2kCuCDaS644Qf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4.品牌类设计:企业VIS设计、logo设计、字体设计,这对矢量图形软件有非常掌握才能胜任。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnygA8eKK2Y28QaoxHCEALgd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5.web类设计:网页设计、U设计、淘宝店铺装修,通常还会学习到","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"html","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"+css3方面的行业知识。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnosaCuU0AcGMoN2FlFBnxgi"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"设计的基础","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna4KWWcw2OSiUqiq3HX8CAb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习平面设计最重要的就是基础,而下面三点就是我们必须掌握的基础,只有掌握好基础,在以后的学习中就会事半功倍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKo0g6uoe0GIyUNcNIe2y2d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描基础","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn884E8cu08KCuCsPmFLh7Hb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"光影、结构、透视","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSks4EYuq68KKY3fZdvt8Ef"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"美术知识并不只是单纯指“画画”,只要掌握基础的素描基础就可以,学画画可以","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"教我们用美术的眼光来观察和分析客观世界,素描基础为之后独立设计提供的实用工具。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"学习素描能锻炼我们造型的能力,是积累视觉元素的一种方式,平面设计则是通过构图、造型、配色来表现设计与创意。因此,学好素描,在设计时能迅速的表现自己的设计风格, 传递自己的设计信息与理念。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnioyKQIUouks4YflBQAaAuc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":509,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"光影、结构、透视","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6e149b75a58248c5b21b2115a58698d3","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcniMwSim2qimIg4trNegL4kh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习顺序","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoMwsuKWmUo6cs3hO4lXhGg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要动手画一画,经过一至两周的学习后,理解并画出类似的概念图。 绘画的能力是难以速成的,需要日积月累的练习。练习的方法可以从临摹基本的几何体开始慢慢增加难度到静物、组合静物、人物速写、肖像、半身像,按照这个顺序循序渐进。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcns6Uy6KYIEYg0CE6hTszDyh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":405,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"学习顺序","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/04c5119c334a4932b13d4a1647196d43","width":720},"text":"","id":"doxcnUCwuKymeWS2C21thdsjpih"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描学习方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIWeacQuokuWCiGyZAB65Ih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"其实学习素描基础,比起看理论书不如找课跟着画跟着练学的快。《中国美术视频网》等美术教育网站有大量传统的素描学习资源;另外豆瓣上有一个关于自学素描的《小触手的书房》的小站,也有很多国内外的教学视频。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0Oa2kaoi4WeWhGmCqKewTY"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":467,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"素描学习方法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ce0dfb54652f4ffe988b7eefd3b8e8bd","width":720},"text":"","id":"doxcnQYoaSgscws4QatbLsV14vY"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"素描基础建议学习时间:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"可以学习一至两周。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneaiqeqeA6qiCCen51WqSRf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"三大构成","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8qY0qmicQE8wCuvHN4BuPg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所谓\"构成”是一种造型概念,其含义是将不同形态的几个以上的单元重新组构成一个新的单元。三大构成是平面设计的基础,必须掌握。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE0igyiGEMCAqMhc38Iq7zs"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"平面构成","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU4WEEkcwAsquENueVlQ3Cf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"平面构成主要在二度空间范围之内 ,以轮廓线划分图与地之间的界线,描绘形象。它所表现的立体空间并不是真实的三维空间,而仅仅是图形对人的视觉引导作用形成的幻觉空间。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngAwiSw0g4EkqWstsiTIkHm"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"色彩构成","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8me4gcqq6KsKm87sSZQJee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"色彩构成即色彩的相互作用,是从人对色彩的知觉和心理效果出发,用科学分析的方法,把复杂的色彩现象还原为基本要素,利用色彩在空间、量与质上的可变幻性,按照一定的规律去组合各构成之间的相互关系,再创造出新的色彩效果的过程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGwAKsgIwqiMG0cSgmHj21f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":500,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"色彩构成","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/85116b4093174efda6f1937d7dc1e533","width":484},"text":"","id":"doxcngug8CU0mciKmWQh83WlSue"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"立体构成","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAIegusICQuekY1pWa1mh5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"立体构成是使用各种材料将造型要素按照美的原则组成新立体的过程。立体构成的构成要素是点线、面、体、色彩和空间诸方面。它的形成仍然是形式美诸法则,如对比调和、对称均衡、比例节奏、韵律、多样、统一等,重要的是通过设计创造意境。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2wwagAeoA8AuemF8CO23Xe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":384,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"立体构成","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1c06913033c841ec8bdfcff094402bd8","width":500},"text":"","id":"doxcnoG4U0WqAMw2SIwAxNKeE7Y"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习建议","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYG8GAOoqCkUSENu5SkfpDc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"建议学习时间:三大构成建议和素描基础一同学习,学习时间一到两周,关于三大构成的学习书籍,重磅推荐(日)朝仓直已的《艺术设计》系列,这套丛书共有《艺术●设计的立体构成》《艺术设计的平面构成》,《艺术●设计的色彩构成》,《艺术●设计的光构成》,《艺术.设计的纸的构成》5本。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0QCIkoWUSYim6fiHgHEfMd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":397,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"学习建议","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/adeed8ac5f2044ebb04fef27a8de302b","width":345},"text":"","id":"doxcniAGWMymIyIeMwbaGMMMADc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"版式知识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOo4Iq0gWeIgEWUj3xChdYd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"版式设计原理","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0qsa2Ii20Wc6ky568Gawn4"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"关于版式设计,两本书推荐给大家,一本是(日)伊达千代的《版面设计的原理》,这本书有五章一、建立条例;二、添加变化;三、突出强调;四、设计技巧;五、颜色搭配。这本很适合作为入门的基础,其优点是本书的结构条理清晰,不足是书中的例子有些过时。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyiGw6mA8CSwIclbWI5OABe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":523,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"版式设计原理","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bbf4aafa450845f7bca6af3adb4f026b","width":387},"text":"","id":"doxcnSUkscuU2a02IkJVu7xL9Zf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所以,搭配美国设计师John McWade的《超越平凡的平面设计》系列来看非常合适。《超越平凡的平面设计》本书先全面地讲解平面设计的基本知识,然后分享了实用的设计方法和技巧。它的出色之处在于它详细解读了许多完整的设计案例----包括宣传册、新闻简报、网页、幻灯片等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAmSKM6wmAg4K2DVLWuMhzd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":416,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"版式设计原理","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/20710bed44c741d88c99bbb59c593589","width":366},"text":"","id":"doxcn4E8aYYsMSGQieYOZ0NwHGd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"建议学习时间","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnI6s0KWcyYAWMoVcdXkTISh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"版式设计原理是比较重要的,特别是对于我们后面的设计来说,所以推荐可以用两周的时间进行学习。","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"阶段建议:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"了解版式设计原则,比如什么是版心、什么是边距、两者之间的作用是什么等等。熟练掌握排版设计的常用版式,好的作品搭配适合的版式才能帮助我们展示出创意的最佳视觉效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEAuW4C42o8sUsd9HyaRkKd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"自学的途径","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKUWICqOIIgcS6jqIWybe3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对于平面设计的学习途径,无论你是从看书学理论出发,还是从软件的学习开始,只要你走在学习的路上那么最后一定会完成自己的梦想。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwGwAAIeyi8AscS4yKDkDtb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过书籍自习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwUUIaQks8yCwYFceTMrvjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"自学最好的途径之一就是通过自己阅读相关书籍,来掌握一定的设计基础,而掌握了设计基础才是最终设计之路长短的关键,下面推荐几本对于平面设计基础非常有帮助的几本书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAKMqyWKsImSUcj2g8DQENc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"设计初级阶段","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4WAm8Oko4mm0WMf5JITLjh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在设计刚刚开始的初级阶段,除了大量的练习,更应该多学习基础,下面推荐在自学阶段必须阅读的两本书籍,大家可以自行购买阅读,在阅读中最好用笔记本记录起来,方便之后的设计中可以运用。《配色设计原理》作者是日本奥博斯科编辑部,通过简明易懂的作品,学习实用又系统的配色原则。将具体的设计案例进行修改前后对比,然后分析如何使用配色,让作品更具有效果和表现力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaowqIgAiA0sqS4tOKQdTfe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1034,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"设计初级阶段","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/94b142410f1646349b48f301337e2683","width":720},"text":"","id":"doxcnMAMOM2gkyQSuI5m9zy0b2c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《写给大家看的设计书》出自一位世界级设计师罗宾威廉姆斯(Robin Williams)之手,将优秀设计的秘诀归纳为对比、重复、对齐和亲密性四条基本原则,并用简洁通俗、幽默生动的文笔,同时配大量前后对比的实例图解和设计练习(并提供解答),直观而清晰地传授给读者。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniaOsOKSAW6ci8DtwgWI27f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1040,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"设计初级阶段","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/087ebff6ebad48beba78032452b5e5d5","width":720},"text":"","id":"doxcnkOcKWM8Mi8qyiuxw2XbO02"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"平面设计进阶","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEg2GwmgAoS884mY71gjwRe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"经过前期的学习,我们已经掌握了一定的平面设计的基础,那么我们可以学习优秀的案例,在这些案例中可以让自己的设计增添色彩,同时可以学习美术内容,例如插画、油画等,可以整加对于色彩的配色,对在平面设计实践里有很大的帮助。对绘画追求比较高,不满足于只画瓶瓶罐罐,想学画人物的小伙伴,可学习《伯里曼人体结构》,这本书是插画设计必刷宝典。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2IkEaqSWMwygiGKbHyGodh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":500,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"平面设计进阶","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/10c04f03f8d745bea1299ed5b1213685","width":500},"text":"","id":"doxcn2AYe4S2KGMQIgqvVF2W8rb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《版式设计原理●案例篇》是由四个设计师合著完成,本书从版式结构、文字要素、色彩、图片、网页版式五个章节,将很多设计法则中的成功案例和失败案例进行对比,引导读者思考什么才是更好的版式设计。当读者完成思考后在文章的下一页给出作者的观点,并指出对应的设计要点。这样让读者带着问题去思考,通过案例对比的方法快速而牢固地掌握版式设计的基本原理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn82GsEKcy8IkQsiH03lKfob"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":934,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"平面设计进阶","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9597de02bc704068812e38b388d2e13a","width":720},"text":"","id":"doxcnMCEK2ICoq6uqUHTjz4dDP1"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"书籍自学建议","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqwgCCI6uwsGMKGN4D5Itgd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过初阶和进价的学习,我们已经养成了阅读平面设计书籍的好习惯,那么在书籍阅读的过程中要保持随时做笔记的好习惯。养成定期买书充实自己的好习惯,做设计如果不看书持续学习,创意总是有枯竭的一天,看书可以保持灵感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEK2q0y6yoQOGfuLAPdwjGA"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过软件自学","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm6ooMmgK2KUcXUhsobWUtL"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"视频课程的学习,通常是以软件操作,以及实战案例的学习作为切入点,这也算是学习平面设计,最快速入行的捷径吧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQgcCUIcOAusAsJVfpFyZKe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":244,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"通过软件自学","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/988dbbc4fa8f4dadb12dc105c3682fd9","width":553},"text":"","id":"doxcn0QyKai4KYSaouomU381VLb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"photoshop","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8gIwSCeWckKwm2icicmW1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"PS是设计软件最基础也是最重要的,作为平面设计师,只要你需要和位图打交道, 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(国内最早一批线上CG教育网)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCgQskQ8aE0UAaMj9mCqGOe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"46PS网: 46ps.com/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkGGSKYcSmAgs8LFMl64RWh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"网络10大热门PS教程排行榜: 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:"text","text":"中国设计在线:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"http://www.ccdol.com/hangye/designer/","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQukcGKqSIkqU02wh7tz7Mb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":340,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"设计交流网站","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/223add95f23d43fca0833c78b16b171f","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnUIAIQSi204Sq4Ah9ptDYab"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"自学方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc8u8kUEqoI08ik721drywe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对于通过这些进行自己学习,那么有以下方法推荐:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngoYue6cqu6gOu8NdNuYWTh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一,多听优秀的设计课,特别是名校设计师的课,从不同的角度去看设计,会让自己的设计与众不同。第二,多掌握素材,在上面推荐的平台去了解最新的设计素材,只有掌握好设计的素材,才可以在这些基础上创作出更好的设计作品,多积累初材料,应用时会有才永远有灵感。第三,建立自己的素材库,好的素材永远都在不断更新,只有建立自己的素材库才会更好的创作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKSOkoKGYoes2S2PxZXDRRb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"最后学习建议","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc2OGSqYOyMGoK8lsOVKi3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"平面设计的学习需要日积月累,同学们在学习的过程中,需要多次练习,保持每天一练习,收集灵感、画草图是在平面设计生涯里需要每天练习的, 并且在练习中最重要的就是要练习软件,软件一定是要保持每天练习,熟悉快捷键会让完成设计作品,长期以往,我们一定会自学成才!创作出好作品!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2GWSYusYOygOo3DaEnQW3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneUUI4Wy28kUAKOXZ9HgpBg"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E
4. yz301微机保护装置
阳台是居住者接受光照,吸收新鲜空气,进行户外锻炼、观赏、纳凉、晾晒衣物的场所。阳台装修也是家庭装修中一个不可缺少的部分,虽然阳台只是一套房中极小的一个空间,但是装修注意事项也不少,下面就来看看如何装修阳台,让其物尽其用。
功能设计
首先,在装修阳台之前,我们要提前规划好阳台的功能。阳台要承担的功能,要提前思考清楚,比如阳台是否需要拆改等,如想在阳台洗衣,那么要提前思考排水和电路,若想在阳台收纳物品,需提前定制柜子,若想要种植绿植,要规划好位置。清楚阳台承担的功能,提前做好规划,才能更顺利合理地开展设计。
洗衣
如果阳台摆放了洗衣机、设计了盥洗台的话,就必须要注意阳台的防水排水问题,否则很容易会造成积水、渗漏等情况。所以在装修阳台时要注意做好防水,做好排水系统,这样后期使用过程中才能不出现问题,保障阳台正常使用。
同时,如果阳台放置洗衣机等电器,电路应预留3-4个电位,使用三插头以防功率过大而跳闸,使用房间性插座或者防水盒,龙头、灶台或如有浴缸其上方包括煤气表周围20CM不应有插座。
在设置洗衣机的基础上,还可设计阳台柜,增加阳台的功能性。设计一个内嵌式的阳台柜,把洗衣机嵌入其中,这样既可以省下更多的阳台空间,也不会让洗衣机破坏阳台的整体美感。可以增加一个上下柜来增加阳台空间的收纳功能,中间还能增加洗手台和置物平台,让阳台空间得到完全利用。
关于洗衣机的排水的做法基本上就两种方法,其中第一种更实用。
连接地漏管
大部分的阳台本身是带有地漏或者是排水口的,这时我们可以将洗衣机的排水和与地漏管道的连接。
具体操作如下:先把地漏周围的找平层打掉,然后重新接一根排水管到洗衣池下面,用于洗衣池排水。在洗衣池下面接一个三通出来,作为洗衣机的下水。然后在新接到洗衣池的排水管中间位置,会另外接一个斜三通,作为地漏的排水,要保证地漏出水口与下水管道充分连接。
在地面回填的时候,下水铺地砖要比阳台的门槛石位置要低一些,或者把地面抬高一点,也使下水管的坡度更大一点,以防洗衣机的溢水或脱管,造成水流往客厅里面走。
这样做的优点是让洗手池和洗衣机共用下水,即使地漏溢水,也可有力的排水,T字型地漏防臭下水快,是不错的选择。缺点是当洗衣机排水较大的时候,会发生脱管的现象。同时记得做好防水层,以防造成漏水。关于防水层的做法会在下文给出。
竖管排水
如果是竖管的排水,也可以用三通直接共用下水,这种做法的好处是水流再大也不会溢水,缺点是不是太美观。
但遇到臭味的情况,我们可以用专门用来填充地漏(竖管)和洗衣机排水管之间的缝隙(可以选择地漏专用接头或竖管专用接头)防止反味,因为是硅胶材质,比较软,能让地漏和排水管之间卡得更死。
阳台没有排水口的情况
当阳台没有地漏排水的时候,我们就得想办法将洗衣机的水引到其他的排水管道中,最好是距离较近的厨房或者浴室的排水管都可以。
如果太远的话,在实际操作的时候会有苦难,因为下水管一般都是用PVC材质的,中途出现漏水是有可能的。还有一点,下水管的距离过长的话,不好控制排水的坡度,在使用的过程中,会在管道里沉淀污渍,家里会有酸臭味。
选好较近的排水管道后,我们在墙上打孔、走高管道将阳台的排水管接入。这样操作的工程量要比连接地漏的麻烦,价格也要高,但是也是无奈之举。
种植
喜欢绿植的还可以在阳台做“空中花园”,可以在栏杆上准备一些花架,虽然省点地方,但危险性还是有的,自己还是要经常检查的。用置物架或者长条凳,都是可以用来摆放绿植的,但同时也要注意绿植的重量,阳台的承重还是有限度的。
休闲
阳台具有开阔的视野和可以令人放松的空间,还可以用隔板做一个“吧台”,就可以在上面喝喝茶或者喝喝酒。哪怕只是放一张舒适的凳子,靠着看看窗外的风景就很舒服了。
在设想好阳台所需的功能后,我们就可以根据户型来进行装修,分为半封闭式阳台和封闭式阳台。
半封闭式阳台
半封闭式阳台是建筑物从室内往外的一个延伸,是居住者们可以呼吸到新鲜的空气、晾晒衣物以及养殖盆栽的地方,在设计时设计师既要按照我们喜爱的风格来设计,又得考虑到我们平时日常生活时的实用性。选择半封闭阳台,可以较好地感受阳光及新鲜空气,还可以将其打造成半开放式的锻炼区域,半封闭阳台的样式一般分为悬挂式、嵌入式以及转角式三类,同时半封闭式阳台装修要注意以下几点:
防水排水
由于阳台的非全封闭特性,日常的风霜雨雪都会对阳台造成侵蚀,因此,在为半封闭阳台选购建材时,需要重点考虑建材的抗冻、防水性能,最好购买阳台、露台专用的瓷砖、文化石来进行铺装,以期达到最佳的效果。 下面介绍阳台防水和排水的具体做法:
基层清理
在进行阳台防水材料铺设之前,第一步就是需要对铺设的基层进行清理,将基层表面松散混凝土、砂浆用毛刷清理干净,凸出的水泥砂浆硬块、大块杂质用铲子清理干净,然后再用毛刷清理细小的杂质。
防水材料
阳台面积小,有地漏口,经常暴晒在阳光下,应选择抗拉强度高、延伸率大、耐老化好的防水材料。阳台可以选择好一点的纳米渗透防水涂料或高分子防水涂料,开放式阳台也可以选择丙烯酸防水涂料。
丙烯酸防水材料:无色无味,是通过材料的结膜来达到防水目的的,它具有很好的延展性和弹性,也是一种很好的防水材料。这类材料的造价比较高,但就保证阳台防水性能来说是较好的选择。
聚合物高分子防水材料:同样具有较好的延展性和弹性,也没有任何颜色和味道,十分具有环保性,但是它也有缺点,它不能与任何物品发生碰撞,否则会导致防水膜破裂而漏水,并且这类防水材料的价格也比较高。
防水层高度、厚度
一般情况下,阳台四周墙体防水涂层涂刷的高度应≥30cm,放置洗衣机的墙面,涂刷高度应≥1m。另一方面,防水涂层厚度至少要达到国家验收规范的1.5mm厚。
地面坡度
阳台做防水一定要将地面设计成有一定的坡度,目的是防止雨水灌入室内。设计阳台时,把排水口设置在低的一边,并确保阳台和客厅或卧室的地面至少要有2~3公分的高度差,即阳台地面应低于室内楼层地面30~60毫米,向排水方向作平缓斜坡,外缘设挡水边坎,将水导入雨水管排出,保证水不会流到室内。
排水地漏
既然阳台是半封闭的,那么在装修时就一定要考虑到排水的问题。通常此类阳台本身是带有专用排水口的,在装修时要注意保护排水口的畅通,并在铺装阳台地面时如上文所述留下适当的排水坡度,使阳台排水更加顺畅。
使用排水量大且防返味儿的地漏。尤其是开放式阳台,一定要选择排量大的地漏,否则就会出现当雨量大于地漏的排水能力时,阳台地面形成积水甚至漫入室内的情况。另外,阳台地漏防反味儿也非常必要。
实用性
阳台的实用性主要体现在观景、展示、收纳等几个方面,但是半封闭阳台的功能性是无法与全封闭阳台相比的,不可能具有良好的收纳功能。因此,在设计半封闭阳台时,应该着重考虑阳台的观景、展示与休闲功能,从而保证半封闭阳台的实用性。
封闭式阳台
封闭式阳台则与半封闭式不同,使用窗户将阳台封住,可以实现多种功能的设计。
延伸
既然是封闭式阳台,代表不会受天气的影响,不论是木地板或无接缝地面都能将其向阳台延伸,不会因下雨或台风而让地板材质受损。这样不仅能让阳台有个舒适的踩踏感受,还能同时扩大阳台和室内的空间视觉,有种将阳台空间纳入室内的错觉,使的空间更加放大。即便没有多余的装修或装饰,只要将地面延伸,直接为家里增加几平方米。
采光
不管原先是封闭式阳台还是开放式阳台,都可以试着将上方加装或改为采光罩,这样不但可以遮雨挡风,还能保留良好的采光,并让采光能随时延伸进室内,不用担心下雨就得紧闭室内门窗。若喜欢种植植栽,还能变成现成的温室,让植物能有好的生长环境,也能较容易控制水量和日照,让家里有更多绿意点缀。
休闲
封闭式阳台能在好天气时揽进丰富的日光,雨天时又不会落雨进来,喜欢阅读或欣赏风景的人,就最适合这种封闭式阳台啦!不妨在阳台摆张单椅和茶几,打造休憩小天地。若喜欢在阳光的沐浴下阅读的人,或家中空间狭小,无法拥有书房空间的,也能在阳台摆张书桌椅,直接在这边办公或阅读,甚至可以摆个书柜,增加收纳功能,一点也不输一般的书房空间。
收纳
根据阳台功用的不同,收纳方式也有所不同,比如在转角处设置小小的卧榻的话,可以作为接受阳光洗礼的小天地,也不用担心下雨淋湿卧榻坐垫等,更能舒舒服服的享受阳台空间。卧榻的下方还能增设抽屉,增加阳台的收纳功能,又不影响室内居家空间。
那么下面就分享一些各个不同功用的收纳方式。
做好空间功能划分
做收纳的第一要义是规划而非整理。阳台这个空间比较特殊,在做收纳之前,要进行收纳区域的划分。想清楚这个空间需要哪些功能的延伸,是只讲究实用性,还是实用与美观兼具,考虑好后再着手设计。
对于大多数家庭来说,阳台可以分为洗衣区、晾衣区、绿植区以及休闲区四大功能区域,针对这些功能来进行收纳建议。
洗衣区
如果家里面积有限,把洗衣机挪到阳台上来,无疑是既节省空间又缩短晾衣动线的明智之举。而除了存放洗衣机,洗衣区还可以收纳清洁用品等各种杂物。
1、洗衣收纳组合柜
上面装一排吊柜,下面一侧放洗衣机烘干机,另一侧是水池和地柜,杂物通通放到柜子里,眼不见为净。
2、通顶大柜子
小户型家中收纳太少,还可考虑做一整面的通顶大柜子,除了放洗衣机,很多生活杂物都有收纳空间啦。
3、阳台收纳架
阳台收纳架足够收纳你的各类杂物了,简洁实用还不影响空间通透性,性价比首选。
晾衣区
1、设置可伸缩晾衣架
若想让阳台兼具休闲功能,衣服晾在阳台上肯定会有诸多不便。那么利用可伸缩衣架向外扩展空间是个不错的选择。担心下雨衣服淋湿的话,屋檐上方搭个雨棚就能完美解决这个问题啦。
2、落地可移动晾衣架
这种带滚轮的落地式衣架很适合,比升降式衣架颜值高且更方便省力,晾干后直接拉回家,不占用阳台空间,也不会遮挡视线。
3、用烘干机代替晾衣区
如果觉得晾了衣服阳台就做不了其他事,最彻底的方法还是用烘干机。
绿植区
很多人爱在阳台养些花花草草,没事浇浇水松松土,让这个角落成为家中最有生机的地方。可眼看着阳台上的花花草草越来越多却无处安放,也是让人头疼。
1、多层置物架
阳台绿植超过20盆以上,是时候用上多层置物架了,特别是多肉爱好者们,这种多层置物架和形态各异的多肉堪称完美CP。
2、小推车
置物架不够用了,还可以搭配一个小推车,存放点花肥、养花小工具之类的。
3、墙上花架、搁板
阳台太小的话,还可以利用墙面空间装些小花架、置物架,看上去也是文艺感满满。
4、空中植物悬挂大法
一些体积小重量轻的植物,还可以自己动手DIY,搭配几个挂钩,既省钱又有创意,还节省了很多空间,阳台的逼格一下子提升了不少。
休闲区
不管是开放式阳台还是封闭式阳台,最大的利用价值莫过于打造成休闲区。家再小生活再累,在这个角落喝喝茶看看风景,足以拂去一身疲惫。
1、折叠桌椅
最简单又不占空间的方式,就是一套折叠桌椅了,天气好的时候在这里吃个早餐赏赏风景,不用的时候还可以收起来放在角落里。
2、榻榻米
阳台可以装榻榻米,地台可以做成抽屉增加收纳空间,阳台榻榻米可以看书喝下午茶,也是练瑜伽、小憩的绝佳去处。
墙面
此外,任何一面空白墙都有其利用价值。
在墙面上安装置物板,用来收纳各种物品和摆件,整齐有序地排列能让墙面看起来整洁美观,还能增加这个区域的趣味性,让它显得不那么单调。
当平面空间有限时,也可以选择增加挂钩的方式,用来收纳一些晾衣物品以及日常清洁用品,如此来就显得井井有条。
若是担心挂钩会伤害原有的墙面,可以试试铁艺网,虽是小小的网格,但却有大大的作用,可以收纳一切你想要收纳的小物。
注意事项
不管是封闭式还是半封闭式,都有一些注意事项,例如:
封装
阳台封装质量是阳台装修中的关键,要注意它的抗风力,安装要牢固。要做好密封,否则透风撒气的等于没封。窗扇下口最容易渗水,一般是窗框下预留2厘米间隙,用专用密封剂或用水泥填死有窗台的,要向外作流水坡。
此外封闭式阳台的封装要格外注意:
1、征得物业同意
业主要特别注意封阳台必须征得小区物业管理部门的同意。如果住户没有征得小区物业管理部门的许可就封装阳台,很可能遭到处罚并要求修复。
2、封阳台前要了解阳台的承重结构
有些结构,例如半墙+窗的结构一般都是不允许拆除的,有些半墙是配重墙,如果拆除,阳台可能存在下沉断裂的可能。
3、不同阳台封装方式不同
阳台一般分为凹阳台、凸阳台和复合型阳台三种。
凸阳台和复合型阳台的承重能力都不太好,不能在阳台放太多东西,因此也会有物业规定阳台不得做储物间用。这两种阳台如果封就需要封闭三个面,需要打立柱起到支撑固定作用。
凹阳台有立柱,两侧都是承重墙,封阳台的样式就是一字式阳台,只要封闭一个面既可。
4、封装后要做好阳台防水
如果阳台只用来当做休闲区、书房等,那原本的防水就足够了。但是如果用来当洗衣区、花房、餐厨区、甚至放浴缸的话,还是有必要再做一次防水的,不然有可能会存在漏水问题~
建议选择以防滑地砖,如果要安放洗衣机、拖把池等保洁设施,墙面也应该铺贴瓷砖。其他防水相关可以参考前文关于半封闭式阳台的防水排水,两者是通用的。
5.要关注窗户和玻璃的材质选择
封阳台的窗户和玻璃的选择花样繁多,除了样式,家用封装更应要考虑隔音、保温、透光和安全的问题。
窗户的材质首选断桥铝,玻璃首选双层夹胶玻璃,夏天隔热冬天保温,而且隔音效果也不错,总的来说性价比高。
同时需注意封闭阳台铝窗的立框和横框一定要固定在阳台的护栏和顶部,用射钉和拉铆钉固定在混凝土内,再用涂漆的角钢加固。不能固定在砖墙上,更不能用木楔上下顶住立框,代替射钉枪固定。
6.做好验收
阳台封装好以后,看起来是密闭了,但是其实还是需要仔细验收的,否则后续入住会出现许多问题。着重需要关注以下几个方面:
玻璃
首先看玻璃是否透亮整洁无气泡无划痕,从侧面看无明显波纹,安装的玻璃对楼层低的人家采光尤其重要。另外,磨砂玻璃注意磨砂面朝内,下雨天磨砂见水就会变透明的。
框架
其次是看窗扇推拉是否顺畅,大多情况下是取决于框架是否横平竖直,带把直角尺或者矿泉水,看看是否和水在同一水平上。
立柱位置
带转角的阳台一般会用到转角立柱,立柱位置应适中,太进说明尺寸测量的不够精准,太出容易有雨水从立柱渗进阳台内,造成漏水。
配件
可着重检查锁是否有弹力,锁具的外观是否美观,做工精细;滑轮是否滑动顺畅等。
隔热
在装修封闭式阳台时,还需要注意隔热,阳台外保温层开发商在建房时就已经做好,内保温不一定每个开发商都配备。这边简要阐述一下内保温层的做法:在挤塑板的外立面做轻钢龙骨,然后贴几层石膏板,做防锈防裂处理,之后刮腻子,打磨平整后刷涂耐擦洗性能好的涂料即可。
安全
大多数住宅的阳台并不是为了承重而设计的,通常每平方米的承重不超过400千克。因此在装修阳台时要了解它的承重,装修储物都不能超过其荷载,尽量少放过重的家具,以免造成危险。
居室和阳台之间有一道墙,墙上的门连窗可以拆除,窗下半墙绝对不能拆,它在建筑结构上“配重墙”,起着支撑阳台的作用,如拆除就会严重影响阳台的安全,甚至会造成阳台坍塌,封阳台时尽量不要为了多扩点空间而将阳台探出一截,这样不仅危险,而且不美观,物业管理部门也不允许。
同时,为安全着想,半封闭式阳台在装修时,需要保证阳台的高度达到105cm,同时材料结实安装合格,减少安全隐患的遗留。
栏杆
阳台栏杆也是阳台安全的重要一环,无论是半封闭式还是全封闭式,都要加上栏杆,从建筑高度的角度来讲,建筑物高度高于24米,阳台护栏高度要不低于1.1米,建筑物高度低于24米,阳台护栏高度不低于1.05米。从建筑楼层的角度来讲,六层及以下的楼层应不低于1.05米,六层以上不低于1.1米;高层建筑应不低于1.2米。
栏杆的选择有以下几种材料:
1.铁艺护栏
铁艺护栏从很早就开始流行了,因为它比较古老,变化多端,但是容易生锈,阴雨比较多的地区,这种护栏很不适用,而且随着现代建筑的推广,铁艺阳台栏杆的使用在逐渐的减少,这是必然的发展趋势。
2.防腐木护栏
对于高档住宅区和别墅来说,它是一种不错的护栏材质的选择,而且起到很好的装饰作用,木质护栏特别有质感,体现出品味和档次,普通住宅运用的就相对较少了,但是防腐木的强度一般,而且样式比较单一,久了之后很容易开裂和褪色。
3.不锈钢护栏
不锈钢的阳台护栏样式比较单调,可用的色彩又很少,这种材质通常有两种型号202和304,沿海地区会选择用304的,而内陆地区会用202的,因为沿海雨水比较多,比较潮湿,202的容易生锈。
4.铝合金护栏
铝合金材质的护栏价格相对较高,表面喷涂以后,不会锈蚀,而且质量轻抗冲击,所以安全性很高,但是很容易划伤,维修起来成本较高。
5.锌钢护栏
这种是采用锌合金材料制作的,而且颜色比较多样,款式也多,高强度,性能比较好,很多小区都用它来装饰阳台。由于传统阳台护栏使用铁条和铝合金材料,而且需要电焊工艺,生产的产品硬度不高,容易锈蚀,而它对于这些问题都能够解决,价格又比较实惠,所以是比较好的一种材质。
金刚网
尤其是家里有老人和小孩的,阳台没有做安全措施,容易发生高空坠落的危险。且若只做隐形防护网的话也有小孩坠落的风险,有小孩的家庭还是建议做封闭式阳台。这边推荐一个金刚网,本质就是一个不锈钢的纱窗,装在窗户的外边,选用60mm以上的规格即可。
材料
选用合适的装修材料,提高阳台的颜值。地面和墙面采用瓷砖来铺设,不仅能保护阳台,而且不同风格、材质的瓷砖,会带给阳台不一样的美感。如灰色系的瓷砖,时尚而低调,能给阳台带来一丝丝安静的氛围;
而白色调的瓷砖,则能让阳台感觉上更干净,空间更显大更敞亮。
一个有颜有品的阳台,不仅仅是晾晒衣服的地方,更是整个家的延伸,能带给你更好的生活体验,带来更多的方便!家里装修各个空间都可以进行设计规划,这样的话打造出来的效果才能更美丽更美观。 以上就是如何装修阳台的几项建议,希望能有所帮助。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"阳台是居住者接受光照,吸收新鲜空气,进行户外锻炼、观赏、纳凉、晾晒衣物的场所。阳台装修也是家庭装修中一个不可缺少的部分,虽然阳台只是一套房中极小的一个空间,但是装修注意事项也不少,下面就来看看如何装修阳台,让其物尽其用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuwkcI6SQWKEecr21NELw7f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"功能设计","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnauucGC08aCYQovbmFSmNbf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先,在装修阳台之前,我们要提前规划好阳台的功能。阳台要承担的功能,要提前思考清楚,比如阳台是否需要拆改等,如想在阳台洗衣,那么要提前思考排水和电路,若想在阳台收纳物品,需提前定制柜子,若想要种植绿植,要规划好位置。清楚阳台承担的功能,提前做好规划,才能更顺利合理地开展设计。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCu2wwYkuo2kGAngzUBamte"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"洗衣","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngKkyIoqI6Oc82dycs4S9Wg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果阳台摆放了洗衣机、设计了盥洗台的话,就必须要注意阳台的防水排水问题,否则很容易会造成积水、渗漏等情况。所以在装修阳台时要注意做好防水,做好排水系统,这样后期使用过程中才能不出现问题,保障阳台正常使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6qsU0yEYwAiM4wbecZnEgf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"同时,如果阳台放置洗衣机等电器,电路应预留3-4个电位,使用三插头以防功率过大而跳闸,使用房间性插座或者防水盒,龙头、灶台或如有浴缸其上方包括煤气表周围20CM不应有插座。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsOgaCEK26mWY63XDDeW3Ud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在设置洗衣机的基础上,还可设计阳台柜,增加阳台的功能性。设计一个内嵌式的阳台柜,把洗衣机嵌入其中,这样既可以省下更多的阳台空间,也不会让洗衣机破坏阳台的整体美感。可以增加一个上下柜来增加阳台空间的收纳功能,中间还能增加洗手台和置物平台,让阳台空间得到完全利用。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqysOC2iiQcC2spnFn2cq6g"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":624,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"洗衣","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f06a92e83d83474aa669d3fbd9acd273","width":942},"text":"","id":"doxcnuEmC0ws4MkecYJF7XIYtTe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"关于洗衣机的排水的做法基本上就两种方法,其中第一种更实用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaIKu2qaQ8aS8QDgfcFgWMf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"连接地漏管","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG02yCwkkMKg0YNG7FXjMjc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大部分的阳台本身是带有地漏或者是排水口的,这时我们可以将洗衣机的排水和与地漏管道的连接。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSmye0acWsqOMWCxIjjL8Bb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"具体操作如下:先把地漏周围的找平层打掉,然后重新接一根排水管到洗衣池下面,用于洗衣池排水。在洗衣池下面接一个三通出来,作为洗衣机的下水。然后在新接到洗衣池的排水管中间位置,会另外接一个斜三通,作为地漏的排水,要保证地漏出水口与下水管道充分连接。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8iEAoCIooaCsSODTuyUBDc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":483,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"连接地漏管","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a538c57f40004308a72ce81f440d54b5","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcnsqU2kMMg4uUsyUDELj9Y2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在地面回填的时候,下水铺地砖要比阳台的门槛石位置要低一些,或者把地面抬高一点,也使下水管的坡度更大一点,以防洗衣机的溢水或脱管,造成水流往客厅里面走。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM28kkWEgIiy0Ads8gUeJtc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这样做的优点是让洗手池和洗衣机共用下水,即使地漏溢水,也可有力的排水,T字型地漏防臭下水快,是不错的选择。缺点是当洗衣机排水较大的时候,会发生脱管的现象。同时记得做好防水层,以防造成漏水。关于防水层的做法会在下文给出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOOaGgA42swcY6QY2kH4tHf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"竖管排水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA82Wu6gmgKcm2Vq4hcUY2c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果是竖管的排水,也可以用三通直接共用下水,这种做法的好处是水流再大也不会溢水,缺点是不是太美观。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKkY8weq2qSgKw9Nr0nBQah"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":418,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竖管排水","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4f662694b2ac4a309234b82cf190f6b1","width":653},"text":"","id":"doxcngM4IsesMGI24WklfyO8zKh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"但遇到臭味的情况,我们可以用专门用来填充地漏(竖管)和洗衣机排水管之间的缝隙(可以选择地漏专用接头或竖管专用接头)防止反味,因为是硅胶材质,比较软,能让地漏和排水管之间卡得更死。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncmoo0CuUy40UUHBYN2lsKb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"阳台没有排水口的情况","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn64YUqMaK4UUUQDiBoVeNYd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当阳台没有地漏排水的时候,我们就得想办法将洗衣机的水引到其他的排水管道中,最好是距离较近的厨房或者浴室的排水管都可以。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsImmmekEgseokjeiWDMkTb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果太远的话,在实际操作的时候会有苦难,因为下水管一般都是用PVC材质的,中途出现漏水是有可能的。还有一点,下水管的距离过长的话,不好控制排水的坡度,在使用的过程中,会在管道里沉淀污渍,家里会有酸臭味。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6YoAEaK60Usi4AdJP4ejQe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选好较近的排水管道后,我们在墙上打孔、走高管道将阳台的排水管接入。这样操作的工程量要比连接地漏的麻烦,价格也要高,但是也是无奈之举。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWQ02IiowsYk0uUT8bwSRbc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"种植","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm0iMI0OsM4IeOj759lLSej"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"喜欢绿植的还可以在阳台做“空中花园”,可以在栏杆上准备一些花架,虽然省点地方,但危险性还是有的,自己还是要经常检查的。用置物架或者长条凳,都是可以用来摆放绿植的,但同时也要注意绿植的重量,阳台的承重还是有限度的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE80a2ekcusIIxNUBNyDPdP"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"种植","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c3b22c00470d4c5ea81bec0ce4f41d0a","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcn4E4Kw4cE0GMKyHdFLBsEdt"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"休闲","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYMua2UQ4mms6aEJiR40zSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"阳台具有开阔的视野和可以令人放松的空间,还可以用隔板做一个“吧台”,就可以在上面喝喝茶或者喝喝酒。哪怕只是放一张舒适的凳子,靠着看看窗外的风景就很舒服了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0s8uOYEgSowWeWHaVsFJUc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"休闲","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b0b9ac02daf94f208978ecae8b381dd0","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcnAuWmqg48WMOAKS5ionKMre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在设想好阳台所需的功能后,我们就可以根据户型来进行装修,分为半封闭式阳台和封闭式阳台。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ2I22mmooKWSw7k6qxuq5e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"半封闭式阳台","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoA0iGqGM6iqM6soADHKqzf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"半封闭式阳台是建筑物从室内往外的一个延伸,是","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"居住者们","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"可以","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"呼吸到","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"新鲜的空气、晾晒衣物以及养殖盆栽的地方,在设计时设计师既要按照我们喜爱的风格来设计,又得考虑到我们平时日常生活时的实用性。选择","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"半封闭阳台,可以较好地感受阳光及新鲜空气","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",还可以将其打造成半开放式的锻炼区域,半封闭阳台的样式一般分为悬挂式、嵌入式以及转角式三类,同时半封闭式阳台装修要注意以下几点:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEKakmGQSEWqKm0PftgdUcd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"防水排水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqW2Mww2oaWwGV9RsQ7ALwL"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"由于阳台的非全封闭特性,日常的风霜雨雪都会对阳台造成侵蚀,因此,在为半封闭阳台选购建材时,需要重点考虑建材的抗冻、防水性能,最好购买阳台、露台专用的瓷砖、文化石来进行铺装,以期达到最佳的效果。 下面介绍阳台防水和排水的具体做法:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOiUiiQcuG6MSEhKaFys4Xg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"基层清理","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4m4KQE6MgOmstRJKuP7GFC"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在进行阳台防水材料铺设之前,第一步就是需要对铺设的基层进行清理,将基层表面松散混凝土、砂浆用毛刷清理干净,凸出的水泥砂浆硬块、大块杂质用铲子清理干净,然后再用毛刷清理细小的杂质。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAqwECyacueW6QVLaKln1Xe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"防水材料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU4aQowUiiMkA2EZ5fnvMkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"阳台面积小,有地漏口,经常暴晒在阳光下,应选择抗拉强度高、延伸率大、耐老化好的防水材料。阳台可以选择好一点的纳米渗透防水涂料或高分子防水涂料,开放式阳台也可以选择丙烯酸防水涂料。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneYgwOqMEGwscK0RXIXjUFg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"防水材料","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1a0bcf4981214df6a437ef81e035402e","width":800},"text":"","id":"doxcnwOiaeieGAQeeuk6ZZiTWCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"丙烯酸防水材料:无色无味,是通过材料的结膜来达到防水目的的,它具有很好的延展性和弹性,也是一种很好的防水材料。这类材料的造价比较高,但就保证阳台防水性能来说是较好的选择。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGOww4iWeeOuQCafGU9dZUg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"聚合物高分子防水材料:同样具有较好的延展性和弹性,也没有任何颜色和味道,十分具有环保性,但是它也有缺点,它不能与任何物品发生碰撞,否则会导致防水膜破裂而漏水,并且这类防水材料的价格也比较高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE6gems2q024cOKQxrEYDzh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"防水层高度、厚度","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniM0Cm6K6cSGuqG3yKxmCtc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般情况下,阳台四周墙体防水涂层涂刷的高度应≥30cm,放置洗衣机的墙面,涂刷高度应≥1m。另一方面,防水涂层厚度至少要达到国家验收规范的1.5mm厚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAGIWMyWOQMUSof55BgYGxg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":438,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"防水层高度、厚度","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/53e1c0186aa04dd29c2eff159df03b90","width":687},"text":"","id":"doxcn8wyee6Q2K4kSL1qHv4IQg3"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"地面坡度","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn80kie8ues4cm8PXHS9mQKd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"阳台做防水一定要将地面设计成有一定的坡度,目的是防止雨水灌入室内。设计阳台时,把排水口设置在低的一边,并确保阳台和客厅或卧室的地面至少要有2~3公分的高度差,即阳台地面应低于室内楼层地面30~60毫米,向排水方向作平缓斜坡,外缘设挡水边坎,将水导入雨水管排出,保证水不会流到室内。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni4qoiUEwcEiSAB99USvXfg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":375,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"地面坡度","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c6d242ed54ab4c8a80a851fe5bcb79ed","width":500},"text":"","id":"doxcnCaGMwYYG6MEmu9B9daFjkb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"排水地漏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMI8S6aOwIYGkcuhezck6nb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"既然阳台是半封闭的,那么在装修时就一定要考虑到排水的问题。通常此类阳台本身是带有专用排水口的,在装修时要注意保护排水口的畅通,并在铺装阳台地面时如上文所述留下适当的排水坡度,使阳台排水更加顺畅。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8UI8syEqkKYWqk1sGT8MPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用排水量大且防返味儿的地漏。尤其是开放式阳台,一定要选择排量大的地漏,否则就会出现当雨量大于地漏的排水能力时,阳台地面形成积水甚至漫入室内的情况。另外,阳台地漏防反味儿也非常必要。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaWgmy62AigiME3AZtsVsTc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":319,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排水地漏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/632f4e2c021247f4bcb02f7209dd0c08","width":670},"text":"","id":"doxcnQQc4Meak2Yg0MLhv1sRkmh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"实用性","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwsIEAaM8a4MiaI1QgPCdbh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"阳台的实用性主要体现在观景、展示、收纳等几个方面,但是半封闭阳台的功能性是无法与全封闭阳台相比的,不可能具有良好的收纳功能。因此,在设计半封闭阳台时,应该着重考虑阳台的观景、展示与休闲功能,从而保证半封闭阳台的实用性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn244sWYOoI2oIS0ti8bzDrf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"实用性","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2478c9d2c3314e239a0b8756c5e42859","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcngK0GImEEEU6kqw5eGUHODd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"封闭式阳台","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4EO0wy6AeIKCIXM1gwD68g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"封闭式阳台则与半封闭式不同,使用窗户将阳台封住,可以实现多种功能的设计。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnISYY24oI0a0MElVgeGXiAO"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"延伸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAO2Q44uOukmyMDFJeQKIwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"既然是封闭式阳台,代表不会受天气的影响,不论是木地板或无接缝地面都能将其向阳台延伸,不会因下雨或台风而让地板材质受损。这样不仅能让阳台有个舒适的踩踏感受,还能同时扩大阳台和室内的空间视觉,有种将阳台空间纳入室内的错觉,使的空间更加放大。即便没有多余的装修或装饰,只要将地面延伸,直接为家里增加几平方米。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOUggEo20AyCqk5opBbEVkF"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"采光","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWMO8CmsycSw8s3NcTHLPRb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不管原先是封闭式阳台还是开放式阳台,都可以试着将上方加装或改为采光罩,这样不但可以遮雨挡风,还能保留良好的采光,并让采光能随时延伸进室内,不用担心下雨就得紧闭室内门窗。若喜欢种植植栽,还能变成现成的温室,让植物能有好的生长环境,也能较容易控制水量和日照,让家里有更多绿意点缀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwg04oYucOm8IY58u0lYhjd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":587,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"采光","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b8ac2e94edd5400bbf46e38b6f6b779a","width":942},"text":"","id":"doxcnkSgSWIM2KEy2A9EoLOx9Ne"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"休闲","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnugi0CSuiEyMOoXPSUO6chh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"封闭式阳台能在好天气时揽进丰富的日光,雨天时又不会落雨进来,喜欢阅读或欣赏风景的人,就最适合这种封闭式阳台啦!不妨在阳台摆张单椅和茶几,打造休憩小天地。若喜欢在阳光的沐浴下阅读的人,或家中空间狭小,无法拥有书房空间的,也能在阳台摆张书桌椅,直接在这边办公或阅读,甚至可以摆个书柜,增加收纳功能,一点也不输一般的书房空间。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8awUCEGogiksIJh20PcoVb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":584,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"休闲","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cb9383ae7d6546cd96256b2269aeeabe","width":942},"text":"","id":"doxcnme6iwIIQOgGGCSpm5PgJuh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"收纳","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG0aoGQcouIg4ece8vLpXhg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"根据阳台功用的不同,收纳方式也有所不同,比如在转角处设置小小的卧榻的话,可以作为接受阳光洗礼的小天地,也不用担心下雨淋湿卧榻坐垫等,更能舒舒服服的享受阳台空间。卧榻的下方还能增设抽屉,增加阳台的收纳功能,又不影响室内居家空间。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKO86WcGUIQkwkJteU3jfOh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"那么下面就分享一些各个不同功用的收纳方式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8QGSC4cg6sKA4UHcafgs8e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"做好空间功能划分","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYcMusAmqwS08W8UA86lSCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"做收纳的第一要义是规划而非整理。阳台这个空间比较特殊,在做收纳之前,要进行收纳区域的划分。想清楚这个空间需要哪些功能的延伸,是只讲究实用性,还是实用与美观兼具,考虑好后再着手设计。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmw8wUeMMy4GwCufrHx5vWh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对于大多数家庭来说,阳台可以分为洗衣区、晾衣区、绿植区以及休闲区四大功能区域,针对这些功能来进行收纳建议。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyOwysA0gm8isKc8ZVgsHce"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"洗衣区","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWiY8UaoOio2KuGZI0aCTkd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果家里面积有限,把洗衣机挪到阳台上来,无疑是既节省空间又缩短晾衣动线的明智之举。而除了存放洗衣机,洗衣区还可以收纳清洁用品等各种杂物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0qIA2KyIi26esH2J9pAIGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、洗衣收纳组合柜","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniY4okyEM2kGWkfUq6KIwMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"上面装一排吊柜,下面一侧放洗衣机烘干机,另一侧是水池和地柜,杂物通通放到柜子里,眼不见为净。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0eWQ2aOgq0ie8Vr4QcQqMG"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":476,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"洗衣区","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8d1ff8541043433a927eefe02ecbb8d4","width":634},"text":"","id":"doxcnGsuwksiESM0EYRprIYKK31"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、通顶大柜子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncoU4gOWw2emsMpEnnUl1He"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"小户型家中收纳太少,还可考虑做一整面的通顶大柜子,除了放洗衣机,很多生活杂物都有收纳空间啦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMGEQ0coEQ88sWzXLBz19mb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":434,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"洗衣区","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5cb26a52ca3945968de4aacf43832629","width":652},"text":"","id":"doxcnQMg0CoI2eAEOuym4KOq4cc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、阳台收纳架","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncsGcAw80cyMkCsUCPs0qlh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"阳台收纳架足够收纳你的各类杂物了,简洁实用还不影响空间通透性,性价比首选。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsSgkqgwkoaqY0Agbhavegh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":419,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"洗衣区","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cdc0c5a09d7f4f168afed08976cdd201","width":658},"text":"","id":"doxcnU6AkoUIMsEag8NWkI7BwQe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"晾衣区","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqYWScu4AgMmI8hwJWKzHUg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、设置可伸缩晾衣架","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSEu44eyaAsSSIXMJf8MoNg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"若想让阳台兼具休闲功能,衣服晾在阳台上肯定会有诸多不便。那么利用可伸缩衣架向外扩展空间是个不错的选择。担心下雨衣服淋湿的话,屋檐上方搭个雨棚就能完美解决这个问题啦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncI6o8geyyc6gmalDjcFAUc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":380,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"晾衣区","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/01234d5fb8b54e5ba991e70314dd002d","width":549},"text":"","id":"doxcnWec0WgOmAQWs4pMrgTUN0r"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、落地可移动晾衣架","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngiqmy48KWskIOgnGatxVuc"},{"type":"paragraph","ch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th":558},"text":"","id":"doxcnyWWGSKeuO844E5vY38s58g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当平面空间有限时,也可以选择增加挂钩的方式,用来收纳一些晾衣物品以及日常清洁用品,如此来就显得井井有条。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuMOKou8saU4qEVMKHMhWHb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":296,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"墙面","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/87db0bbb87944f8fa98d79edbf801207","width":555},"text":"","id":"doxcnqGySW0CWcWAu6yEJgm14ab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"若是担心挂钩会伤害原有的墙面,可以试试铁艺网,虽是小小的网格,但却有大大的作用,可以收纳一切你想要收纳的小物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUqqWmukWgosKwTZdUCBpug"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":357,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"墙面","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/027fd1a176634f34b933b30c0dcac608","width":572},"text":"","id":"doxcnMkocUgiI6Mu8qMP1sWM3uc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAiSwkQIgwu8CIDyFoLAF9c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不管是封闭式还是半封闭式,都有一些注意事项,例如:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8OMGSiAaeWUCsdrkvml9Sg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"封装","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIA82aMuW6suiKGX7x8zJnh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"阳台封装质量是阳台装修中的关键,要注意它的抗风力,安装要牢固。要做好密封,否则透风撒气的等于没封。窗扇下口最容易渗水,一般是窗框下预留2厘米间隙,用专用密封剂或用水泥填死有窗台的,要向外作流水坡。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIEWyWGySYSOqMXH9NspZyg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"此外封闭式阳台的封装要格外注意:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWCQg4W0asU2GuOvJrmqfWg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、征得物业同意","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO0cgk4g4S8Ciu2MZcK5v5c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"业主要特别注意封阳台必须征得小区物业管理部门的同意。如果住户没有征得小区物业管理部门的许可就封装阳台,很可能遭到处罚并要求修复。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMC4SoagSaIG6qCp7CouXFc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、封阳台前要了解阳台的承重结构","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGYiaeCc4waG48wTlNSLbnb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有些结构,例如半墙+窗的结构一般都是不允许拆除的,有些半墙是","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"配重墙","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",如果拆除,阳台可能存在下沉断裂的可能。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmcscW4iKW4q8KYy809mb4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、不同阳台封装方式不同","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngeMuUa2aQUK4WewcbFgzae"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"阳台一般分为凹阳台、凸阳台和复合型阳台三种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsgkQAGGGAEIg0MkMolORXe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"凸阳台和复合型阳台的承重能力都不太好,不能在阳台放太多东西,因此也会有物业规定阳台不得做储物间用。这两种阳台如果封就需要封闭三个面,需要打立柱起到支撑固定作用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnesIYCSC6e4Y8a2t0KxboHb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"凹阳台有立柱,两侧都是承重墙,封阳台的样式就是一字式阳台,只要封闭一个面既可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAmUC4IAWew88kgmgyDqL7H"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"4、封装后要做好阳台防水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8sscCSAiy8YEgDHie7DrWe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果阳台只用来当做休闲区、书房等,那原本的防水就足够了。但是如果用来当洗衣区、花房、餐厨区、甚至放浴缸的话,还是有必要再做一次防水的,不然有可能会存在漏水问题~","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIKUEgCo4gEAkm5Fgs59VRQ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"建议选择以防滑地砖,如果要安放洗衣机、拖把池等保洁设施,墙面也应该铺贴瓷砖。其他防水相关可以参考前文关于半封闭式阳台的防水排水,两者是通用的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCksQcAm4OO0cLUWXM1naEA"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"5.要关注窗户和玻璃的材质选择","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS6wEcwIK4mAIKiZi3pQx8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"封阳台的窗户和玻璃的选择花样繁多,除了样式,家用封装更应要考虑隔音、保温、透光和安全的问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsywEymAyeyAccd5Cmvnq7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"窗户的材质首选","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"断桥铝","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",玻璃首选双层夹胶玻璃,夏天隔热冬天保温,而且隔音效果也不错,总的来说性价比高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCosgiKKcoOMCQX2CTmAwof"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"同时需注意封闭阳台铝窗的立框和横框一定要固定在阳台的护栏和顶部,用射钉和拉铆钉固定在混凝土内,再用涂漆的角钢加固。不能固定在砖墙上,更不能用木楔上下顶住立框,代替射钉枪固定。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncseUyW2cIC2U8XFWoMynSc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":436,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"封装","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f52cf3def0bb42b8b89ad3fbbcf9eda6","width":666},"text":"","id":"doxcnias22K20oUw4EvJyssnNee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"6.做好验收","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0AmSw6eMmKiQUFAUTUYRof"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"阳台封装好以后,看起来是密闭了,但是其实还是需要仔细验收的,否则后续入住会出现许多问题。着重需要关注以下几个方面:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno2qiAGMCAOoeEmhscvZium"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"玻璃","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKsMiY846umguUxGG3FAqAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先看玻璃是否透亮整洁无气泡无划痕,从侧面看无明显波纹,安装的玻璃对楼层低的人家采光尤其重要。另外,","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"磨砂玻璃","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"注意磨砂面朝内,下雨天磨砂见水就会变透明的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKuIEqywyms6ewTt1MOjwEg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"框架","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2e2cakyQ0mqSmpqsbdlngS"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"其次是看窗扇推拉是否顺畅,大多情况下是取决于框架是否横平竖直,带把","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"直角尺","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"或者矿泉水,看看是否和水在同一水平上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneceqgyoWYSOWiSGkqsaNzg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"立柱位置","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngOMws8mIa0u0onrZK0jvih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"带转角的阳台一般会用到转角立柱,立柱位置应适中,太进说明尺寸测量的不够精准,太出容易有雨水从立柱渗进阳台内,造成漏水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyqcUUyUMwaWU8pWvc78Z0c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"配件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4SaCCCSOwC6coxSsoO05ac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可着重检查锁是否有弹力,锁具的外观是否美观,做工精细;滑轮是否滑动顺畅等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwqKImEyKAIE667h6XlDIFd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"隔热","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWQaQ66WiQMuUwtIOw57EOd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在装修封闭式阳台时,还需要注意隔热,阳台外保温层开发商在建房时就已经做好,内保温不一定每个开发商都配备。这边简要阐述一下内保温层的做法:在挤塑板的外立面做轻钢龙骨,然后贴几层石膏板,做防锈防裂处理,之后刮腻子,打磨平整后刷涂耐擦洗性能好的涂料即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM8Ckw0UwIImyw1KqlYlAGI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"安全","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGEkAS4Ik6Uy8qiGAfRng6d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大多数住宅的阳台并不是为了承重而设计的,通常每平方米的承重不超过400千克。因此在装修阳台时要了解它的承重,装修储物都不能超过其荷载,尽量少放过重的家具,以免造成危险。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm2Wq4GuAik4o2JulSKIVge"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"居室和阳台之间有一道墙,墙上的门连窗可以拆除,窗下半墙绝对不能拆,它在建筑结构上“配重墙”,起着支撑阳台的作用,如拆除就会严重影响阳台的安全,甚至会造成阳台坍塌,封阳台时尽量不要为了多扩点空间而将阳台探出一截,这样不仅危险,而且不美观,物业管理部门也不允许。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc6McSOiCOK8oklpT2uweJb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"同时,为安全着想,半封闭式阳台在装修时,需要保证阳台的高度达到105cm,同时材料结实安装合格,减少安全隐患的遗留。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUO8MgG8IMaYWKOfK9aAx7b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"栏杆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMwuwkcUqqgCskb6n2MHx9d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"阳台栏杆也是阳台安全的重要一环,无论是半封闭式还是全封闭式,都要加上栏杆,从建筑高度的角度来讲,建筑物高度高于24米,阳台护栏高度要不低于1.1米,建筑物高度低于24米,阳台护栏高度不低于1.05米。从建筑楼层的角度来讲,六层及以下的楼层应不低于1.05米,六层以上不低于1.1米;高层建筑应不低于1.2米。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMSUgGUMAUmmUIL6RBNQDab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"栏杆的选择有以下几种材料:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWaWOGgSO24EQETdvjCpzPc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1.铁艺护栏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCIkE6kkEUqIWyqaZgZvnlg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"铁艺护栏从很早就开始流行了,因为它比较古老,变化多端,但是容易生锈,阴雨比较多的地区,这种护栏很不适用,而且随着现代建筑的推广,铁艺阳台栏杆的使用在逐渐的减少,这是必然的发展趋势。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuM0QqWWgo6EsgPl97iTkNd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":500,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"栏杆","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a03ad19e56cf433581b863b6f6bd123e","width":798},"text":"","id":"doxcnuEGICW0keeKMQJPb1DOt1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.防腐木护栏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSmaWGqcKaeQ0a8eh6zCThg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对于高档住宅区和别墅来说,它是一种不错的护栏材质的选择,而且起到很好的装饰作用,木质护栏特别有质感,体现出品味和档次,普通住宅运用的就相对较少了,但是防腐木的强度一般,而且样式比较单一,久了之后很容易开裂和褪色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4oW6eiKUSmkO0e5Idbi7Oh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":375,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"栏杆","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4305d28575e64bd493ef71f311614bf1","width":500},"text":"","id":"doxcnOA46Aa8gmWcwkjQ7Eg3l6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3.不锈钢护栏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqEMOkcMYqSQMUpklBdoCzg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不锈钢的阳台护栏样式比较单调,可用的色彩又很少,这种材质通常有两种型号202和304,沿海地区会选择用304的,而内陆地区会用202的,因为沿海雨水比较多,比较潮湿,202的容易生锈。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOCgekeMAkQyE4CcBaCdPPb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":500,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"栏杆","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f2ed870430014b91811e81a2ab69efd7","width":889},"text":"","id":"doxcn0gAuqwUwwO8AGK4nKH1ANf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4.铝合金护栏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm6Ckc2CgGkA6iOUaNV3Ckf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"铝合金材质的护栏价格相对较高,表面喷涂以后,不会锈蚀,而且质量轻抗冲击,所以安全性很高,但是很容易划伤,维修起来成本较高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngComm6U882geCGX88IOwke"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":351,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"栏杆","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ae289a768b8240448a40b6fcb9ad2603","width":620},"text":"","id":"doxcnQ6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以上就是如何装修阳台的几项建议,希望能有所帮助。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMg4ESACmKiAqoxAAvc5NZb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIoauIoiasKWMKoQIhDCXKh"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E
5. 远征科技yz310微机保护说明书
微机保护操作应先输入操作人员姓名密码登录,核对操作的设备无误后点击操作输入操作人员姓名密码确认操作。