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广东ys系列小功率电动机(电机型号YS)

来源:www.xrdq.ne   时间:2022-12-31 06:54   点击:132  编辑:admin   手机版

1. 电机型号YS

额定功率0.37(kw)额定电压380(v)额定转速1400(rpm)产品认证ccc

ys7124技术参数型号功率电流效率功率因素起动转矩起动电流最大转矩( w )( a )( % )(cos ф )额定转矩额定电流额定转矩ys7722.262.4

2. 电机型号YS7134啥意思

YS----分马力三相异步电动机;71----电机机座号;4-----为铁芯长度代号,3号铁芯长度;4------为极数。

3. 电机型号YS和YE2是否一样

1.YS、Y2三相异步电动机:此系列铝壳三相异步宽频电动机为全封闭自扇冷工鼠笼型三相异步电动机。

2.YE3超高效节能电动机采用了超高到磁低损耗冷轧无取向硅钢片,具有高效、节能、低振动、低噪音、散热好、运行平稳,使用维护方便等特点。

4. 电机型号YSJ

千瓦电机轴经参数:

1、2千瓦2极 电机轴径 19 ,轴伸端长 40;

2、2千瓦4极 电机轴径 28,轴伸端长 60;

3、2千瓦6极 电机轴径 28,轴伸端长 60;

4、2千瓦8极 电机轴径 38,轴伸端长 80。

扩展资料:

电机轴承又名电动机轴承或者马达轴承,是专门应用于电动机或者马达上的一种专用轴承。电机使用的轴承是一个支撑轴的零件,它可以引导轴的旋转,也可以承受轴上空转的部件,轴承的概念很宽泛。

电机轴承主要型号:

1、Y2系列电机轴承型号

轴伸端:6201-2E-C3、6202-2E-C3、6204-2E-C3、6205-2E-C3、6206-2E-C3、6308-2E-C3、6311-C3、6312-C3、6313-C3、6314-C3、6317-C3、6319-C3、NU319、NU322

风扇端:6201-2E-C3、6202-2E-C3、6204-2E-C3、6205-2E-C3、6206-2E-C3、6308-2E-C3、6309-2E-C3、6311-C3、6312-C3、6313-C3、6314-C3、6317-C3、6319-C3、6322-C3

2、YSJ系列压缩机专用电机轴承型号

轴伸端:6204-2E-C3、6205-2E-C3、6206-2E-C3、6308-2E-C3、6309-2E-C3、6311-C3、6312-C3、6313-C3、6314-C3、6317-C3、6319、6319-C3、6322

风扇端:6204-2E-C3、6205-2E-C3、6206-2E-C3、6308-2E-C3、6309-2E-C3、6311-C3、6312-C3、6313-C3、6314-C3、6317-C3、6319-C3、6322-C3

5. 电机型号y是什么意思

电机型号字母表示电机的类型(比如Y开关说明是星连接)、数字表示电机的电压(单位是v)、及电机的容量(单位Ah)还有电机的功率等。

6. 电机型号YS712-4是什么意思

素描是一切绘画的基础,这是研究绘画艺术所必须经过的一个阶段。狭义上专指用于学习美术技巧、探索造型规律、培养专业习惯的绘画训练过程。

如何选择工具

素描是一种正式的艺术创作,以单色线条来表现直观世界中的事物,不同的笔触营造出不同的线条及横切关系和节奏、主动与被动的周围环境、平面、体积、色调、及质感。不同的作品则需要不同的工具语言来表述,才能更加体现画面的效果,作品才能成功。

干笔适宜作清晰的线条,水笔宜于表现平面;精美的笔触可用毛笔挥洒,而广阔的田野则可用铅笔或粉笔去勾勒。炭笔是两者都可兼用的。对工具的理解是完成好一幅作品的首要条件。

铅笔

美术铅笔的铅芯有不同等级的软硬区别,硬的以"H"为代表,如:1H、2H、3H、4H等,前边数字越大,硬度越强,即色度越淡;软的以"B"为代表,如:1B、2B、3B、4B、5B、6B等,数字越大软度越强,色度越黑;学生用铅笔一般是HB形,软硬适中。对于初学绘画的可从HB到4B中选择三种类型就可以了。

推荐

辉柏嘉、施德楼、三菱、中华、马可、凯兰帝、老人头、得韵、马利、马培德

炭笔

炭笔的用法和铅笔相似,炭笔的色泽深黑,有较强的表现能力,是画素描的理想工具,用于画人物肖像尤佳,但画重了很难擦掉。

推荐

1、马利、MARCO/马可、库尔贝、高尔乐、中华、奥文、得韵Derwent、老人头、卢浮宫、德福龙

木炭条

木炭条是用树枝烧制而成,色泽较黑,质地松散,附着力较差,画完成后需喷固定液,否则极易掉色破坏效果。

推荐

米娅(MIYA)、马利(Marie's)、蒙玛特(Mont Marte)、青竹画材(CHINJOO)、尼奥尼(NYONI)、海特(Hite)、高尔乐(Kuelox)、卫庄、老人头(lotory)、睿识

炭精棒

炭精棒常见的有黑色和赭石色两种,质地较木炭条硬,附着力较强,可用可不用固定液。

推荐

海特索斯

画素描通常在专用的素描纸上进行,选用素描纸时要注意纸质坚实、平整、耐磨、纹理细腻、不毛不皱、易于修改,如素描纸、铅画纸。太粗、太薄、太光滑的纸都不适合铅笔画素描。初学者使用的纸张大小以8开或4开为宜,16开大小的铜版纸和复印纸,则适合用钢笔、圆珠笔画素描。

素描纸的表面有明显的纹理,这样铅笔上色才会比较容易,另外,背面的纹理也不一样,背面的纹理要比正面纹理弱,所以应该在纸张的正面绘画。

辅助工具

画架

用来放置素描纸的架子。

画夹

宽边的大铁夹可用在画板上固定纸张。

胶带

胶带也是不错的固定纸张的工具,因为胶带宽度均匀,画完后将胶带去除会留下一条好看的白边

宽笔刷

用起来超级方便的清扫工具,画面上的橡皮屑较多的时候,用它清除就不会弄花画了。

铅笔延长器

铅笔用短了之后都会很苦恼,用的时候不方便,扔了又觉得可惜。将笔的一头放入延长器中,画笔瞬间就变长了。是非常不错的节省工具。

绘画常识

想要学素描,必须要了解一些知识,具体的如下几个方面:

一点透视

最常用到的就是一点透视,因为一点透视只有一个消失点(灭点)所以也叫:平行透视。

凡大小相等的物体愈远,其形愈小,以至于最后消失于一点,这点称为消失点。根据消失点的不同位置,能观察到的面也不同。当消失点在物体外侧时,可看到2个面,在物体上方时能看到3个面,在物体内侧时只能看到一个,如果物体正面是空的,则看到的是物体的内部结构。

不论画什么物体都可以归纳、概括在一个立方体或者多个立方体中,只要有一个面是与画面平行的,就可以利用一点透视(平行透视)来作画。一点透视合适画小的物体,透视变化不大,但是画的时候一定要体现出来。

站在宽广的平地上向前看,远方天地的交界线,称为地平线,地平线是处理透视图形的重要依据。平视时地平线和视平线重合,地平线就是视平线;俯视时,地平线在视平线的上方。

位置在画者右方的景物,看见它的左侧。位置在画者左方的景物,看见它的右侧。

凡在视平线以上的景物,愈远在画纸上的位置愈低。视平线以下的景物,愈远在画纸上的位置愈高。

有了以上这些绘画透视知识如果掌握并且运用到绘画中就不会在画中犯常识性的错误,而且构图会合理,符合视觉欣赏的美感。

两点透视

物体有一组垂直线与画面平行,其他两组线均与画面成一定角度,而每组有一个消失点,共有两个消失点,称为两点透视。

两点透视(成交透视)

两点透视图画面效果比较自由、活泼,能比较真实地反映空间,可以反映建筑物的正侧两面,容易表现出体积感。另外,两点透视加上较强的明暗对比,物体体感会更强。

认识明暗

明暗产生的原因:有光源(不论是自然光源、人工光源)照射,才会产生明暗;光源直射处(向光)是明亮部,照射不到之处(背光)是黑暗部,反射光所形成的是中间灰色部分。没有光,我们的眼睛将看不到任何东西。

利用铅笔表现明暗的方法:

铅笔直立地以尖端来画时,画出来的线较明了而坚实;铅笔斜侧起来以尖端的腹部来画时,笔触及线条都比较模糊而柔弱,笔触的方向要整理才不致混乱。

铅笔画使用橡皮擦注意事项:

初学画一笔不满意时,就马上用橡皮擦去了,第二次画得不对时又再擦去,这是最不好的习惯。一则容易伤害画纸使纸张留下疤痕,再则画时就越画越无把握了,所以应极力避免。

当第一笔画不对时,尽可再画上第二笔,如此画时就有一个标准,容易改正,等浓淡明暗一切都画好之后,再把不用之处的铅笔线,用橡皮轻轻擦去,这样整幅画面就清楚可爱多了。

画面上的线痕通常到最后都会被暗的部份遮没了,把露出的部份擦去较为省力。同时不用的线痕,往往无形中成为主体的衬托物,所以不擦去无害于画面,有时反而收到无形的效果,这是我们不可不注意的地方。

空间感

在绘画中依照几何透视和空间透视的原理,描绘出物体之间的远近、层次、穿插等关系,使之在平面的绘画上传达出有深度的立体的空间感觉。

前面的物体不要画到后面去了也不要把后面的物体画到前面了,合理的安排他们的位置。让整个画面有一个前大后小,前实后虚。上实下虛的空间效果。总之就是画面的层次感明确。

入门

画素描之前要充分做好各种线条的练习,还要做线条的由浅入深、由深到浅的成组练习。经过构图、轮廓、大形深入刻画到整体调整等不同的作画环节,这个作画的过程体现从整体到局部到整体的观察过程。如果没有这种正确的作画程序,就不能保证画面的准确、深入与完整。

素描步骤

画前要观察研究物体的基本形状,看它的受光方向,结构造型,形成的立体效果,然后用直线勾出它的大体轮廓,再依照光源,确定物体的受光(淡面)、侧光(灰面)、遮光(深面)三大部分。最后在这些面与面之间加上衔接的层次,使它自然、圆润起来,直到表现出质感为止。 素描画好后要对描绘的物体进行统筹和完善加工。

https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1mE41167Vm/?p=1&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d这个视频讲的是受光的技巧,比较浅显易懂,有助于进一步理解。

构图

构图是每一个学习绘画的人所必须要掌握的一项基本能力,从美得感受出发,让观赏者感受到美、舒服。各部份的一种配置法,依照经过设计的格式,一致的比例,或重复的体系去安排。一般情况下在绘画中构图讲究天小地大、左右均衡;各物体大小适中,整体完整,不可过小,亦不可过大。

五种方法

1、三角形构图,素描静物中最常用到的。

三角形构图是最常见的和最稳定的构图形式,静物分成三组放在三个顶点上。此类构图画面稳定、主体突出、层次明确、错落有致,适合静物数量较少的组合。

三角形的三条边是由不同方向的直线合拢而成,而不同的线条组成不同形式的三角形,产生不同的趋势和变化。如果你坐在静物正面中间位置,可能会更多采用三角形构图。

2、C形构图

“C”形构图,画面动感程度优于其他形式的构图。

这种构图方式使画面具有流动性,更容易表现较大空问的静物组合。“C”形有三个点,主体物往往在中间点的位置.前面的点往往是第一次要物体的摆放位置,最后面的点帮助你加强画而空间层次的推移。

3、S形构图

"S”具有曲线的优点,优美而富有活力和韵味,所以“S“形构图给人一种美的享受,而且画面显得生动、活泼。读者的视线随着"S”形向纵深移动,可有力地表现其场景的空间感和深度感。在 "S”形构图中,通常会缩短 "S”的上部,拉长 "S”的下部,以形成“上紧下松”的构图关系。

4、圆形构图

圆形构图就是让静物在画面中围成一个圆圈。圆形构图在视觉上给人以旋转、运动和收缩的审美效果。

当圆形被拉长时,就会变成椭圆形。椭圆形构图大都采用宽大于高的横幅形式,它不仅有静态效果,也会产生动态效果,同时还具有较为明显的整体感。

5、水平式构图

水平式构图的物体不能放在画面正中,应当处于一个偏上或者偏下的位置。水平式构图纵向上的空间层次较少,为了让画面丰富,各个物体要在形状、大小、高矮颜色等因素上形成对比,使画面安定、平和,可以增强画面的稳定感。同时还要安排好位置,形成前后的空间层次。

文字讲解不能很直观地展现,可配合视频讲解,进一步理解怎么构图https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV14x411R75w/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d

轮廓

素描轮廓线是指物体外部和内部形状对线条,描述前进或后退的形状之变化方面的一条断续线或连续线。也指物体对形,没有轮廓线就没有"形” 。

一般来说轮廓包括外轮廓和内轮廓,两者相互依存,就是说外轮廓画错了,内轮廓也必然跟着错,内轮廓错了也会影响外轮廓的准确。在实践中存在的问题是容易把二者分开来观察,分开来画,分开来检查,必须两者结合起来观察并结合起来画才对。要知道轮廓绝非指简单的物体的外框,要内外兼顾方可画准。

轮廓就是形状,画画的第一步是画形状。形状图对了,就顺利了。越画越难受。勾勒轮廓的暗部可以简单处理,勾勒轮廓的同时可以详细画明面。由于形状的透视变化,尤其是轮廓,一分钟宽度等于几英寸宽度,因为边缘是立体形状。当一个同样宽度的面转向后方时,面的长度会越来越窄,直至消失。

如果外轮廓和内轮廓的基本比例和位置不正确,包含所有细节的形状也会是错误的。所以大纲的确定要严格、严格、细致。 严谨谨慎不是要求你谨小慎微,而是要求你胆大心细。只有大胆细致的书写,勾勒出轮廓,才能知道这幅画的对错。我们要敢于肯定,也要敢于否定和纠正错误。

要想画出正确的轮廓,必须对物体的形象有正确的认识和观察。观察轮廓也是专业训练不可缺少的阶段。一种不仔细观察研究对象,就无法在反复修正的过程中提高识别能力,也无法培养敏锐的视力,理解简单形式的复杂性。

进一步学习可以观看视频讲解,可巩固一些知识点https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1MT4y1R7ZT/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d

排线

排线是素描最基本的语言元素,在素描中丰富的色调变化是经过许多次的线条叠加而形成的,这其中线条的走向与角度尤其需要注意。画好素描排线就要有一个正确的握笔姿势。

正确的握笔姿势,可以分为两种:持棒式和握笔式

持棒式:

用拇指、食指和中指,三指拿笔与手掌下,如上图,中指起到辅助作用。用拇指左右摆动,在画面形成规则的接近平行的一排线。在用持棒式方法的时候,笔和画面大约在35度角左右就差不多,手和手腕不要接触画面,如果难掌握,可以用小指做支撑点,也可以用手腕自然的上下画出线条。

握笔式:

这种方法就是平时的写字姿势,如上图,这种的握笔方法可以用在面积小的暗面,或者在单体塑造的时候,这种方法用的很多,不像持棒式是在面积大,握笔式很容易掌握,就像写字一样画线条。

若干组排线最好不要沿同一方向展开,因为沿同一方向或缺乏方向变化的十字形(夹直角)都将导致画面出现板滞和类似平涂的光赋效果。

用一组组的线排开,颜色深浅不同,表现出明暗关系。当我们画苹果时,在背光处铺出一组调子,就是画的暗面。

线只是用来表现明暗变化,以此来塑造物体体积,表现空间的一种手段。无论怎么排线,只要画出效果就可以,不拘泥于各种形式。各种线的画法会产生不同的效果,所以在画不同的画时我们可以用不同的排线方法。

苹果的画法视频已经讲了很多,感兴趣可以看看https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ct411Q7RE/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d

控制明暗的逐渐变化以创造实体形式的错觉效果,使物体有三度空间的特质。在深面与灰面上先铺上一片均匀的线条,使受光面暂时空出,这样就是用大块大面来表现物体,然后将各个块面中细部,也同样依照受光、侧光、遮光分成小块、小面来处理。还要注意小块、小面的明暗,使它们服从大面的统一调子,而大面又必须服从于整体。https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Zh41147Dk/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d这个视频讲的是五种线条的画法,实践与理论相结合。

深度学习

速写

速写一般不拘泥于局部的形似,而常以形写神,表达方式简练,对专业创作、设计草图和快速表现都有积极的意义。速写的高度提炼与时间较长、较深入地练习是相辅相成互相促进的,速写画得多,在复杂的素描写生开始阶段也会更快地把握构图和造型。

以素描作画相对的时间为依据,短至数分钟长则半小时左右都可算是速写,因速写的基本特征是简练而快速地写生,因此是画者的第一印象。

对结构理解的深入扎实的素描基本功,在速写中也会体现出来。经常大量的速写训练,可以最有效地培养敏锐的观察力和艺术的概括能力,以及提高快速高效的表现技能。

速写是一种非常便捷的素描方式,其常见题材有风景速写、人物速写、动物速写等。

构图

构图的重要性,大家都知道,单个动作的构图比较简单,原则上宁上勿下。动作朝左,构图偏右即可。双人组合要注意两个动作的主次对比和相互谐调,首先比例要一致,站立的动作和坐着的动作一样高是不行的。场景组合难度较大,透视是最需要注意的,前大后小的原理一定牢记。

人物

人体躯干在衣服的包裹下,无论是厚衣服还是薄衣服,都是紧贴人体的躯干形体。

从衣领开始描绘,形体外轮廓与运动所产生的褶皱相结合刻画。注意海条线条的粗细、深浅、长短变化。

紧接上一步,调整画面的素描关系,可以上一些调子来拉开画面的关系,注意调子的轻重。

注意构图,比例,动态块的侧锋勾画出对象的大体形块。起形要概括,快速,不要在意那么多细节。

可以先把头部深入出来,然后再推出全身。但是要注意五官要画得精致准确,做到一气呵成,不然容易影响后面。

较常用的步骤:五官虚带,定出位置和大小,快速把整个人物画出,抓住大的框架形状和此较明显的穿插关系。先深入五官,手脚与其他最后深入。优点:即使画面随时停下也可以保持画面完整。不会有没有画完的感觉。难点:要整体观察把握,对于穿插比较理解。

坐姿一般选在正侧和四分之三角度比较容易表现,要注意人物的整体动态走势与整个人的比例关系,不要把上短和把腿画的过长。

快速勾出整个人的框架形(如头、胸腔、胯部、四肢,手脚)要肯定整体,可以略带穿插关系,不需要画多。时刻整体地去观察,不能陷入局部。

完善细节:画出头手脚具体形象,并增加灰层次,同时调整衣纹关系,加入裁剪线等装饰。

深入画面:用侧锋带出灰面,增加胸腔,盆腔,四肢的体积感。调整画面主次关系,注意前后胳膊,腿的强弱关系。

默写

默写是脱离了写生对象,完全凭着自己的记忆和理解来把握画面的,在素描的学习中适当地配合默写训练,有助于增强视觉形象的记忆能力,同时又可以训练对画面图形的创造性思维和表现能力,有利于加深写生中对素描知识的理解。其实默写和速写也有着密切的关系,在速写中不可能看一眼画一笔,很多是靠对写生对象的理解和记忆来完成的。

掌握头部解剖

在没有模特或具体的作画对象时,画者只能通过记忆或平时头像写生的经验来完成对头像的默写。内外部形体结构的把握能力,以及对素描技法的合理运用和表现能力。在平时的训练中要着重理解头部骨骼的构造、熟悉头骨各部位的名称及正确位置,做到没有参照对象也熊熟练正确地画出头部各部位的位實及解剖关系。

头像写生训练

平时要积累大量的人物头像写生的作画经验,在人物头像写生训练中,要有针对性地选择写生对象。如选择考试中经常出现的男青年或女青年模特进行写生训练,也适当选择一些老年模特写生,有备无患。

临摹加强记忆

临摹是学习头像写生的最好办法,也是提高素描头像造型能力的有效途径之一。通过临摹,学习他人的经验和技法,真切地体会画者的感受和意图,领会作品的精神所在。这样既节省时间又事半功倍。临摹还能提高眼睛的准确观察力及眼与手的配合能力。

静物作画技巧

素描所表达的是形体与空间不外乎黑、白、灰三字,一幅素描起码应该具备三个方面的成功:一是形体结构准确,二是黑、白、灰大层次分明,三是中心焦点突出。

中心焦点是有视觉习惯形成的,所谓焦点,在客观上应该是在结构中最有特征、又最能展示形体与空间部位的。常位于画幅前景接近中心的部位,是中心也是重心。画素描就应有点偏心,如果平均用力不仅破坏了整体感,也违背了视觉的真实。

轮廓线(包括一些局部轮廓线)只是物体的某些面在转移时被缩小了形象,用轮廓线来认识世界不应是初习素描者的课题,而先要学习用立体的观念来研究世界。

这条线的表现力是不容忽视的,因为物体表面有丰富的起伏向纵深转折时又与空间组成各种关系,它时浓时淡,宽窄虚实,变化无穷,不单单只是一条“线”。

第一是结构,第二才是光,黑白则是它的附属物。大家要学会借助黑白来认识形体结构,但有时黑白也会歪曲形体结构的原来面貌。

画素描就是找区别,大区别就是“大关系”,凡是大关系都具有整体性的分量,它容纳并制约着所有局部,因而它是最重要的。小区别就是“小关系”,就是指处于同一色调中的轻微差异。相对于整体来说,它们只能被称之为“局部”。它们以一定的比例或层次关系组织起来并充实着整体。

没有局部,“整体”便是空的,而如果没有整体的制约,“局部”就成为散乱无序,所以它们是相辅相成辨证统一的。

结构的透视变形色调的黑白相称,对边线的虚实处理,三者共同担负着表现空间与体积的任务。

线和线条技法

素描的要素是线,但是线在实质上却是不存在的,它只代表物体、颜色和平面的边界,用来作为物体的幻觉表现。直到近代,线才被人们认为是形式的自发要素,并且独立于被描绘的物体之外。用线条来组成物体的形象,并且描绘于平面之上,藉由线条形式引起观者的联想。

例如两条线相交所构成的角形,可以被认为是某平面的边界;另外加上第三条线可以在画面上造成立体感。弧形的线条可以象征拱顶,交会聚集的线条可表现深度。人们可以从线条的变化当中,得到可以领会的形象。

用线条区分立体与平面,至于色彩明暗是为了加强和厘清整体与部分的关系。运用线条的开始,消失和中断来画出边界,并且形成平面,也可使色彩至边界而上。

线条的粗细能表现物体的变化,甚至光和影也可用线条的笔触变化表现出来,还需要平面技法的辅助。平面技法在使用炭粉笔时,在明暗对照上可用擦笔法。素描也可用多色画笔作为基本材料,用来加强素描效果以及素描的艺术性。

素描的要素是线,但是线在实质上却是不存在的,它只代表物体、颜色和平面的边界,用来作为物体的幻觉表现。直到近代,线才被人们认为是形式的自发要素,并且独立于被描绘的物体之外。

透过线条手段,单纯的轮廓勾勒可以发展成精致的素描,这个视频讲的比较清楚https://haokan.baidu.com/v?pd=wisenatural&vid=2187580955371434233

用线条来组成物体的形象

两条线相交所构成的角形,可以被认为是某平面的边界;另外加上第三条线可以在画面上造成立体感。弧形的线条可以象征拱顶,交会聚集的线条可表现深度。透过线条的手段,单纯的轮廓勾勒可以发展成精致的素描。

用线条区分立体与平面

在素描中可以用线条区分立体与平面,至于色彩明暗是为了加强和分清整体与部分的关系。运用线条的开始,消失和中断来画出边界,并且形成平面,也可使色彩至边界而上。线条的粗细能表现物体的变化,甚至光和影也可用线条的笔触变化表现出来。

平面技法的辅助

素描的线条技法还需要平面技法的辅助。平面技法在使用炭粉笔时,在明暗对照上可用擦笔法。

毛笔画法的使用

更重要的是使用毛笔画法,因为毛笔能发挥笔触的宽度和笔调的强度并且能增加空间感和立体感。

艺术性的加强

素描也可用多色画笔作为基本材料,用来加强素描效果以及素描的艺术性。

明暗

明暗交界线是素描中灰面与暗面的交界,虽然名字是明暗交界“线”,但是它是由“面”组成的,由于光线以及静物本身形体的变化,明暗交界线也会有非常丰富的变化。

有一些静物因为形体会有很多明暗交界线,所以我们找到这些明暗交界线之后统一暗部,然后这些明暗交界线的色调也要做一个区分,靠近光源的颜色稍微要亮一些。

结合视频讲解可以明白明暗的运用手法https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV14m4y1978u/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click&vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d

推荐书籍

《素描风暴》

《素描的诀窍》

《像艺术家一样思考》

《伯里曼人体结构绘画教学》

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Marte)、青竹画材(CHINJOO)、尼奥尼(NYONI)、海特(Hite)、高尔乐(Kuelox)、卫庄、老人头(lotory)、睿识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BeYsd44eYoqm2ixCWLkckt7Hnjh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"炭精棒","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FsCWdWWE8oceKCxa2VWc8GFCnud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"炭精棒常见的有黑色和赭石色两种,质地较木炭条硬,附着力较强,可用可不用固定液。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VScSd4CCuoQaIkxPWdpcnF3xngv"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":519,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"炭精棒","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/94651b89ef034352a732711bb9a7e66b","width":493},"text":"","id":"S864dSwMWoWiiwxGULncMzBEnRh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"推荐","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RIa6dU0o2o0W2AxEnhscQYSbn1e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"海特索斯","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pcq2dC0C2o4Y8IxqKoacHPHAnNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KOIudGsuqoUMmSxMlYqcQJg2nJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画素描通常在专用的素描纸上进行,选用素描纸时要注意纸质坚实、平整、耐磨、纹理细腻、不毛不皱、易于修改,如素描纸、铅画纸。太粗、太薄、太光滑的纸都不适合铅笔画素描。初学者使用的纸张大小以8开或4开为宜,16开大小的铜版纸和复印纸,则适合用钢笔、圆珠笔画素描。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AaIedcMCEoyGcexYdKPcBjkinMb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":618,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"纸","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5cdd242676eb49eab57e63ae38c633aa","width":756},"text":"","id":"HigAdcwK2oSKkix6OhVcFAsMn0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描纸的表面有明显的纹理,这样铅笔上色才会比较容易,另外,背面的纹理也不一样,背面的纹理要比正面纹理弱,所以应该在纸张的正面绘画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R6eKdI80GoymiyxmwuEcXO5BnYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"辅助工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BEGqd4megoGeiox6Z9Kci82UnWd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"画架","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XKoKdQgokoI8muxu4tGcezJZnHh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用来放置素描纸的架子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZwkSdySC0oQm6CxWC6Ccf2BnnFg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":494,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"画架","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6ef98758bfe348df8d008f8fdaf7efaa","width":527},"text":"","id":"NO8idemqWoAYqUxfZnWcSPHMnd2"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"画夹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BKwCduUqioMGuAxq86gc2sZTnxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"宽边的大铁夹可用在画板上固定纸张。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XIw8dUgUiogKeQxwl0tcsb5tnNd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":306,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"画夹","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/26a1c9377b6c42df9629880fe2eaa784","width":431},"text":"","id":"Jmq4dWsYeoEWEcxKm1ac48fAn4b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"胶带","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K0qsdUUa0ogwsIx4N5gclbMgnmh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"胶带也是不错的固定纸张的工具,因为胶带宽度均匀,画完后将胶带去除会留下一条好看的白边","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYOYdy2aGoysC2xGSj0cL3TDnub"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":502,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"胶带","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bdf8465d2fef4fa09339058e956d479b","width":640},"text":"","id":"RogqdQuaOo8CeCxoTzxc32W3nyd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"宽笔刷","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pi8SdKOSYomEEyxi8wZcY5dznyf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用起来超级方便的清扫工具,画面上的橡皮屑较多的时候,用它清除就不会弄花画了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YYe2deOe4oW2ICxk5KPcDzaEnFe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":177,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"宽笔刷","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f14e067e832c4531a9b474ed49afbff0","width":422},"text":"","id":"CaY2dSW4ioO44ixOuo3cS4j6n3g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"铅笔延长器","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NmcMdYU4eo4QaMxKgkCc9uJrnIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"铅笔用短了之后都会很苦恼,用的时候不方便,扔了又觉得可惜。将笔的一头放入延长器中,画笔瞬间就变长了。是非常不错的节省工具。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IsuAdkySEoU4kWx4ALQcdzTgnbe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":558,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"铅笔延长器","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e729a7fffe8449c4a5562b048af02ab2","width":580},"text":"","id":"VooUd0oiMo88Yux2frpcLqPbnUe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"绘画常识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TY26dSsayoC8O4x4LmWcOcJAnwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"想要学素描,必须要了解一些知识,具体的如下","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"几个方面","id":""},{"type":"text","text":":","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RyYmdaSGIogUAIx0KdLcW3ljnvc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"一点透视","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GyCmdomq6oo4iYxiMrkcZrAznah"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"最常用到的就是一点透视,因为一点透视只有一个消失点(灭点)所以也叫:平行透视。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ig8Cdu88KoYImexyYAJc4ASYnPb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"凡大小相等的物体愈远,其形愈小,以至于最后消失于一点,这点称为消失点。根据消失点的不同位置,能观察到的面也不同。当消失点在物体外侧时,可看到2个面,在物体上方时能看到3个面,在物体内侧时只能看到一个,如果物体正面是空的,则看到的是物体的内部结构。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z8OOd68CKo4S8Kxes2dcjLtXn0c"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":243,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"一点透视","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ae757ae854cb4e8395ceb24d81a519ff","width":640},"text":"","id":"JgwAdMcEQosG8axMNEGcXvSpn5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不论画什么物体都可以归纳、概括在一个立方体或者多个立方体中,只要有一个面是与画面平行的,就可以利用一点透视(平行透视)来作画。一点透视合适画小的物体,透视变化不大,但是画的时候一定要体现出来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UiUgdy0W0o08g8xUDnVc3uAxnGc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":322,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"一点透视","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/15e01a6d0261436baed631ea1cf279b5","width":550},"text":"","id":"EoOqdWCOcoMoYKxg2ductG8fndR"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"站在宽广的平地上向前看,远方天地的交界线,称为地平线,地平线是处理透视图形的重要依据。平视时地平线和视平线重合,地平线就是视平线;俯视时,地平线在视平线的上方。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZassdUYqaoyWkQxYfmQc3CsSn8e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"位置在画者右方的景物,看见它的左侧。位置在画者左方的景物,看见它的右侧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DOkSdGs6go0qY6xodNRcbXPynOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"凡在视平线以上的景物,愈远在画纸上的位置愈低。视平线以下的景物,愈远在画纸上的位置愈高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TaqedeiMKoC6Caxo15Dc2D2onqd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有了以上这些绘画透视知识如果掌握并且运用到绘画中就不会在画中犯常识性的错误,而且构图会合理,符合视觉欣赏的美感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EeI2dWwW0o064oxkLWfcN5Gkngd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":676,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"一点透视","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3c7e1a9fc4fc4321808997786ce1e582","width":726},"text":"","id":"UAGSdOgoqoCKgCx2fhFcYVeenBd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"两点透视","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LAuSdEIseoOK6Ixg3Agcedpwnoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"物体有一组垂直线与画面平行,其他两组线均与画面成一定角度,而每组有一个消失点,共有两个消失点,称为两点透视。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CSyud0gIyoUuO2xeYORcnWdznde"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"两点透视(成交透视)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IWyAdyIoKocAyExQV7XcmMIxn8f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":250,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"两点透视","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d8df8580eb464ca882e696e2fb7b8c84","width":690},"text":"","id":"NkcCdyCGgoOwY8x0GH3cowiknqd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZQCOdUo22oIA0Sx4ee3c5Q2UnYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"两点透视图画面效果比较自由、活泼,能比较真实地反映空间,可以反映建筑物的正侧两面,容易表现出体积感。另外,两点透视加上较强的明暗对比,物体体感会更强。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KmQcdKmOyogEwexecwzcVw86n1f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":358,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"两点透视","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1710906bb838478a81867239fdac3212","width":500},"text":"","id":"M4Mkd48cQo6acoxWS0NcV29GnUf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"认识明暗","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NQWcdgoaCouy68xW6pPcXPhmnVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"明暗产生的原因:有光源(不论是自然光源、人工光源)照射,才会产生明暗;光源直射处(向光)是明亮部,照射不到之处(背光)是黑暗部,反射光所形成的是中间灰色部分。没有光,我们的眼睛将看不到任何东西。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"B8W0dUosOo0Iq2x0SCOcf1Xqntc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":542,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"认识明暗","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8675ebfaf5d14cfba70c5a9b6ee5d11a","width":418},"text":"","id":"DS0OdKwi4oug0CxWGugcKAlCnAe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"利用铅笔表现明暗的方法:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gse6dOiYuoEka6x2V6OcIhfynWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"铅笔直立地以尖端来画时,画出来的线较明了而坚实;铅笔斜侧起来以尖端的腹部来画时,笔触及线条都比较模糊而柔弱,笔触的方向要整理才不致混乱。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RQMuduWGAoA26qxWaSMcSblKnug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"铅笔画使用橡皮擦注意事项:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NeY0d2OwMoCK2Gx0CxVcluOonne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学画一笔不满意时,就马上用橡皮擦去了,第二次画得不对时又再擦去,这是最不好的习惯。一则容易伤害画纸使纸张留下疤痕,再则画时就越画越无把握了,所以应极力避免。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IW6ydaWeGomsoyx2VfccPFZKnBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当第一笔画不对时,尽可再画上第二笔,如此画时就有一个标准,容易改正,等浓淡明暗一切都画好之后,再把不用之处的铅笔线,用橡皮轻轻擦去,这样整幅画面就清楚可爱多了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AqUKd4usAouMuqx6joBcmQB1n6b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画面上的线痕通常到最后都会被暗的部份遮没了,把露出的部份擦去较为省力。同时不用的线痕,往往无形中成为主体的衬托物,所以不擦去无害于画面,有时反而收到无形的效果,这是我们不可不注意的地方。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NcYOdM8aYo6CIixmYIZcnfXUnYe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"空间感","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NKmudsougoiMA8xshTJcq04wnAc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在绘画中依照几何透视和空间透视的原理,描绘出物体之间的远近、层次、穿插等关系,使之在平面的绘画上传达出有深度的立体的空间感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KoSUdUuwMoqSaWxCAcocEcmVnSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"前面的物体不要画到后面去了也不要把后面的物体画到前面了,合理的安排他们的位置。让整个画面有一个前大后小,前实后虚。上实下虛的空间效果。总之就是画面的层次感明确。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ig2CducEAoy8SKx2Qikc8lpFn6f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":622,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"空间感","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/84942d80d86748bb9f7eb37c9bfcea43","width":760},"text":"","id":"Ui4kdgkkwok2euxs7n9cSb2VnOd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"入门","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z8oOdyS8oow0C6x0UqDc7bgOnPg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画素描之前要充分做好各种线条的练习,还要做线条的由浅入深、由深到浅的成组练习。经过构图、轮廓、大形深入刻画到整体调整等不同的作画环节,这个作画的过程体现从整体到局部到整体的观察过程。如果没有这种正确的作画程序,就不能保证画面的准确、深入与完整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AA2cd8M0EoseMyxYTaTcwmOAnJd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GuSQdwo26ooYGcxojXKcWKrVnJe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画前要观察研究物体的基本形状,看它的受光方向,结构造型,形成的立体效果,然后用直线勾出","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"它","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"的大体轮廓,再依照光源,确定物体的受光(淡面)、侧光(灰面)、遮光(深面)三大部分。最后在这些面与面之间加上衔接的层次,使它自然、圆润起来,直到表现出质感为止。 素描画好后要对描绘的物体进行统筹和完善加工。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MaiqdQuiYoeUskxYHufcdbZTnYd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1mE41167Vm/?p=1\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1mE41167Vm/?p=1\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"这个视频讲的是受光的技巧,比较浅显易懂","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",有助于进一步理解","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E0AYdaEMyoWMYkxKg47c0EGfnKf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KqkCdc2Eeom44ux8ffacUnfLnjf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"构图是每一个学习绘画的人所必须要掌握的一项基本能力,从美得感受出发,让观赏者感受到美、舒服。各部份的一种配置法,依照经过设计的格式,一致的比例,或重复的体系去安排。一般情况下在绘画中构图讲究天小地大、左右均衡;各物体大小适中,整体完整,不可过小,亦不可过大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z4gWdaAAsooCycxwhyXcKwO0nxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"五种方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UWuodeo6Co2eGUxigRGczcwYnSb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、三角形构图,素描静物中最常用到的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RGcYdUiG2oyk0wx0wHKcKUtzn79"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":410,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/59023b58506d4e79bc03cc213714f659","width":596},"text":"","id":"NMoOdQSWwooQoAxcZ1UcnHninnh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三角形构图是最常见的和最稳定的构图形式,静物分成三组放在三个顶点上。此类构图画面稳定、主体突出、层次明确、错落有致,适合静物数量较少的组合。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OGcId2OAwoYu8qxsp9ecygdmnUb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三角形的三条边是由不同方向的直线合拢而成,而不同的线条组成不同形式的三角形,产生不同的趋势和变化。如果你坐在静物正面中间位置,可能会更多采用三角形构图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NQCAdyw6Uo0WAuxi08dcR5Lwnud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、C形构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KCgqdQUEKowoG6xkZDjcP5nLnrh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z0eYdgiQKoYcC0xafb3cJm96ney"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":646,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6f207066382a401cafb725e32afcef67","width":498},"text":"","id":"U00CdcikSoMKy2xGqgFcCVEmnGg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I24qdCkQyogIOoxhQdLcsTuynop"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"“C”形构图,画面动感程度优于其他形式的构图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PKMCdcKwAo2Uy0xoPiuc2wN9nvc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这种构图方式使画面具有流动性,更容易表现较大空问的静物组合。“C”形有三个点,主体物往往在中间点的位置.前面的点往往是第一次要物体的摆放位置,最后面的点帮助你加强画而空间层次的推移。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y6CadiM2aoQ0KuxgtEbcwLsqnAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、S形构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GeImd4uKAoIckux6FyuclZQnnvc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":638,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7c1b7736397048a3b5f9bdc9b4d43115","width":499},"text":"","id":"NqO8dsOmAowmgoxegsbcfxP1nxc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\"S”具有曲线的优点,优美而富有活力和韵味,所以“S“形构图给人一种美的享受,而且画面显得生动、活泼。读者的视线随着\"S”形向纵深移动,可有力地表现其场景的空间感和深度感。在 \"S”形构图中,通常会缩短 \"S”的上部,拉长 \"S”的下部,以形成“上紧下松”的构图关系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RUkadCasGoOs8axIhteci8eAnce"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、圆形构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RmuudOkMAoIO6Yxq1RDcDC6An7R"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":420,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9b27a2fd424240fab4fa56aede4c6bfb","width":600},"text":"","id":"P0iIdMCWkoe66GxyCItcmCc1nNb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"圆形构图就是让静物在画面中围成一个圆圈。圆形构图在视觉上给人以旋转、运动和收缩的审美效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T4QQdy2u4oSCioxEXlycSSBunMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当圆形被拉长时,就会变成椭圆形。椭圆形构图大都采用宽大于高的横幅形式,它不仅有静态效果,也会产生动态效果,同时还具有较为明显的整体感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UyWedCQ4moOmGOxQnZ9cGXA4nPz"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、水平式构图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZOsId8k2mosOwwxekVacO4wvnS2"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":435,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"构图","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c135d605279c488ebc6f2f360cc0d4bc","width":595},"text":"","id":"Cc6cdkq4QoEs0CxQh98cIsI1noe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"水平式构图的物体不能放在画面正中,应当处于一个偏上或者偏下的位置。水平式构图纵向上的空间层次较少,为了让画面丰富,各个物体要在形状、大小、高矮颜色等因素上形成对比,使画面安定、平和,可以增强画面的稳定感。同时还要安排好位置,形成前后的空间层次。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M664dyokgogOQAxcbMbcuf1on7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"文字讲解不能很直观地展现,可配合","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"视频讲解","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",进一步理解","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"怎么构图","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV14x411R75w/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV14x411R75w/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WOSKdA6YgoAWeqx0u9zcj6P6nvb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"轮廓","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QSMOdAue6o0ao4x2ZYPcTgufnAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描轮廓线是指物体外部和内部形状对线条,描述前进或后退的形状之变化方面的一条断续线或连续线。也指物体对形,没有轮廓线就没有\"形” 。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GaMMdWaQOoaWUmxY1m8cjrwlngf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般来说轮廓包括外轮廓和内轮廓,两者相互依存,就是说外轮廓画错了,内轮廓也必然跟着错,内轮廓错了也会影响外轮廓的准确。在实践中存在的问题是容易把二者分开来观察,分开来画,分开来检查,必须两者结合起来观察并结合起来画才对。要知道轮廓绝非指简单的物体的外框,要内外兼顾方可画准。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EiGwdiwsEocCqixkTHKchaNZnMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"轮廓就是形状,画画的第一步是画形状。形状图对了,就顺利了。越画越难受。勾勒轮廓的暗部可以简单处理,勾勒轮廓的同时可以详细画明面。由于形状的透视变化,尤其是轮廓,一分钟宽度等于几英寸宽度,因为边缘是立体形状。当一个同样宽度的面转向后方时,面的长度会越来越窄,直至消失。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UyyEd6wumoosE6x2b2Yca6finDb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果外轮廓和内轮廓的基本比例和位置不正确,包含所有细节的形状也会是错误的。所以大纲的确定要严格、严格、细致。 严谨谨慎不是要求你谨小慎微,而是要求你胆大心细。只有大胆细致的书写,勾勒出轮廓,才能知道这幅画的对错。我们要敢于肯定,也要敢于否定和纠正错误。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GuGYdkcE0oEeasxSGDHcdlyinPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要想画出正确的轮廓,必须对物体的形象有正确的认识和观察。观察轮廓也是专业训练不可缺少的阶段。一种不仔细观察研究对象,就无法在反复修正的过程中提高识别能力,也无法培养敏锐的视力,理解简单形式的复杂性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FQqWdIUgyocQqAx2igIc4QRMnab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"进一步学习可以观看视频讲解,可巩固一些知识点","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1MT4y1R7ZT/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1MT4y1R7ZT/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D0oEduSUSo2sGcxUcuncdjYGncb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XEqOdgooKo4aMixIxtHctn6fnJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"排线是素描最基本的语言元素,在素描中丰富的色调变化是经过许多次的线条叠加而形成的,这其中线条的走向与角度尤其需要注意。画好素描排线就要有一个正确的握笔姿势。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QksEdiSaOoa48sxi4kncZNOnn7c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"正确的握笔姿势,可以分为两种:持棒式和握笔式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BICGdSS0MoayEExgpYocXhRGn6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"持棒式:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P2ysd4oyGo0gmwxw1d6cgTcEnHd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":325,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/18b939712e6f4d15821d1a3d973c0f3f","width":485},"text":"","id":"AMUgdy2GcoEmAcxSkW5cZ3t9nHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用拇指、食指和中指,三指拿笔与手掌下,如上图,中指起到辅助作用。用拇指左右摆动,在画面形成规则的接近平行的一排线。在用持棒式方法的时候,笔和画面大约在35度角左右就差不多,手和手腕不要接触画面,如果难掌握,可以用小指做支撑点,也可以用手腕自然的上下画出线条。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JKUOdU0uSosoC4x3ZvrcmVuXnL9"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"握笔式:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VoMYd0WAEo6u4ixELITcLwZCn9b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":326,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c7e7934451774ccca552f5048dc831c3","width":481},"text":"","id":"AiCmdeWeOou8m0xu22KcoLr2nDf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这种方法就是平时的写字姿势,如上图,这种的握笔方法可以用在面积小的暗面,或者在单体塑造的时候,这种方法用的很多,不像持棒式是在面积大,握笔式很容易掌握,就像写字一样画线条。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ba4gd8KasowcckxWSCkcrLpJnHd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"若干组排线最好不要沿同一方向展开,因为沿同一方向或缺乏方向变化的十字形(夹直角)都将导致画面出现板滞和类似平涂的光赋效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RscId2q0moEwyCxA9mccFrionNd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":335,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/62c26cd40c5c4d918f04a668701ebd78","width":364},"text":"","id":"HMsydweK8oiqimx6SBScDmhgnJg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用一组组的线排开,颜色深浅不同,表现出明暗关系。当我们画苹果时,在背光处铺出一组调子,就是画的暗面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"McUyd0EGYo2aSgx0IB3ccrTrnlb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":358,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9a6ca78e89c94efd91feec5560af482d","width":358},"text":"","id":"OweIdgI0qoQA8Cx6GXgc6U0VnNx"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"线只是用来表现明暗变化,以此来塑造物体体积,表现空间的一种手段。无论怎么排线,只要画出效果就可以,不拘泥于各种形式。各种线的画法会产生不同的效果,所以在画不同的画时我们可以用不同的排线方法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HU8Id2464oYKAExEl2ocSiMtnPh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":335,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0cfff57312b241e9a9bddf315b417fa8","width":364},"text":"","id":"RuiSd28g8o28QgxfHOUcDiSEnvX"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"苹果的画法视频已经讲了很多,感兴趣可以看看","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ct411Q7RE/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ct411Q7RE/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GOEYdYwweoo4gexy40fcvhUanre"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":722,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"排线","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/408fd90c2b514bef9dc9528d10fc9efa","width":607},"text":"","id":"Bq2gdsqS8oE8iYxMJqZcBks4nCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"控制明暗的逐渐变化以创造实体形式的错觉效果,使物体有三度空间的特质。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"在深面与灰面上先铺上一片均匀的线条,使受光面暂时空出,这样就是用大块大面来表现物体,然后将各个块面中细部,也同样依照受光、侧光、遮光分成小块、小面来处理。还要注意小块、小面的明暗,使它们服从大面的统一调子,而大面又必须服从于整体。","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Zh41147Dk/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Zh41147Dk/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026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掌握头部解剖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ayqkde26AoKkgqx4KSfc10hanEd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在没有模特或具体的作画对象时,画者只能通过记忆或平时头像写生的经验来完成对头像的默写。内外部形体结构的把握能力,以及对素描技法的合理运用和表现能力。在平时的训练中要着重理解头部骨骼的构造、熟悉头骨各部位的名称及正确位置,做到没有参照对象也熊熟练正确地画出头部各部位的位實及解剖关系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LoIsdwq0uoGEmSxqmmlcqe0NnNf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"头像写生训练","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R6Wydmk4woqeGuxAzsFcn0UcnXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"平时要积累大量的人物头像写生的作画经验,在人物头像写生训练中,要有针对性地选择写生对象。如选择考试中经常出现的男青年或女青年模特进行写生训练,也适当选择一些老年模特写生,有备无患。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DIu0dQoUuoa8wIxoFKKcz910n0g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹加强记忆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Zac8d0Aw0o2M0gxmWzkc6sxnnXc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"临摹是学习头像写生的最好办法,也是提高素描头像造型能力的有效途径之一。通过临摹,学习他人的经验和技法,真切地体会画者的感受和意图,领会作品的精神所在。这样既节省时间又事半功倍。临摹还能提高眼睛的准确观察力及眼与手的配合能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Humadoem6oq0uWxg3eIc8CKvnNd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"静物作画技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J2eydGeyooWoimx8tCec2a22n8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描所表达的是形体与空间不外乎黑、白、灰三字,一幅素描起码应该具备三个方面的成功:一是形体结构准确,二是黑、白、灰大层次分明,三是中心焦点突出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R84od4yemoOsAuxqUcacjcDjnwc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":643,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"静物作画技巧","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e694013254a1481bb1202c98eabc435f","width":491},"text":"","id":"E4KqdMWocouuKExv1TxcUq6Dnin"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中心焦点是有视觉习惯形成的,所谓焦点,在客观上应该是在结构中最有特征、又最能展示形体与空间部位的。常位于画幅前景接近中心的部位,是中心也是重心。画素描就应有点偏心,如果平均用力不仅破坏了整体感,也违背了视觉的真实。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ym6CdmUmGosmo0xQjQecM348nFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"轮廓线(包括一些局部轮廓线)只是物体的某些面在转移时被缩小了形象,用轮廓线来认识世界不应是初习素描者的课题,而先要学习用立体的观念来研究世界。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z0aSdweoEoCWkKxgdWMcAjOFnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这条线的表现力是不容忽视的,因为物体表面有丰富的起伏向纵深转折时又与空间组成各种关系,它时浓时淡,宽窄虚实,变化无穷,不单单只是一条“线”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WI4sd8YQkoe6qMxGyKCcVfKTnFe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OWGkdc8oComOO0xk7X6c1sg7nBe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一是结构,第二才是光,黑白则是它的附属物。大家要学会借助黑白来认识形体结构,但有时黑白也会歪曲形体结构的原来面貌。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XAswdEe6coMGmaxOYROcNHGEnGe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":719,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"静物作画技巧","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0bfad00f0c4d460384ba3c648967a8e5","width":552},"text":"","id":"DYC0diG0qowW4WxQWUDcZqQencx"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"画素描就是找区别,大区别就是“大关系”,凡是大关系都具有整体性的分量,它容纳并制约着所有局部,因而它是最重要的。小区别就是“小关系”,就是指处于同一色调中的轻微差异。相对于整体来说,它们只能被称之为“局部”。它们以一定的比例或层次关系组织起来并充实着整体。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J8MEdyYa6oWQgMxyAIDctUlYnkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"没有局部,“整体”便是空的,而如果没有整体的制约,“局部”就成为散乱无序,所以它们是相辅相成辨证统一的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RkgmdmcuWoWSSQxmkVKcUuRUn4b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"结构的透视变形色调的黑白相称,对边线的虚实处理,三者共同担负着表现空间与体积的任务。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NsWidy2uYouUaKxaEWucNEnonEb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"线和线条技法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L8gedq8o6oog46xKKTQcuuJcn2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描的要素是线,但是线在实质上却是不存在的,它只代表物体、颜色和平面的边界,用来作为物体的幻觉表现。直到近代,线才被人们认为是形式的自发要素,并且独立于被描绘的物体之外。用线条来组成物体的形象,并且描绘于平面之上,藉由线条形式引起观者的联想。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FIWIduuw2oyCsaxYXesclq1LnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如两条线相交所构成的角形,可以被认为是某平面的边界;另外加上第三条线可以在画面上造成立体感。弧形的线条可以象征拱顶,交会聚集的线条可表现深度。人们可以从线条的变化当中,得到可以领会的形象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NMSgdK88eowKyEx2DHmcLcFQnab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用线条区分立体与平面,至于色彩明暗是为了加强和厘清整体与部分的关系。运用线条的开始,消失和中断来画出边界,并且形成平面,也可使色彩至边界而上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SCWkdUwIEocK8mxiU9AcBuXEnwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"线条的粗细能表现物体的变化,甚至光和影也可用线条的笔触变化表现出来,还需要平面技法的辅助。平面技法在使用炭粉笔时,在明暗对照上可用擦笔法。素描也可用多色画笔作为基本材料,用来加强素描效果以及素描的艺术性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WAGSdcYcGoEiSSxAFDscjosIngg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描的要素是线,但是线在实质上却是不存在的,它只代表物体、颜色和平面的边界,用来作为物体的幻觉表现。直到近代,线才被人们认为是形式的自发要素,并且独立于被描绘的物体之外。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VOSgdy2UUouKcCxQHOtc2sUynoe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"透过线条手段,单纯的轮廓勾勒可以发展成精致的素描,这个视频讲的比较清楚","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://haokan.baidu.com/v?pd=wisenatural\u0026vid=2187580955371434233"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://haokan.baidu.com/v?pd=wisenatural\u0026vid=2187580955371434233","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AumidSiWcoKW6KxA9IhcASKYnkf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":668,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线和线条技法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/68b35d09e0374f19b9f3587b7afbdda3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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TeWCd0wKoowwEMxGozfcrB2fnOh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":521,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线和线条技法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2bda1868859447928b7e01be87daface","width":420},"text":"","id":"WM0idS0eQoO0IIxQaIAcDUhnnkb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"明暗","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K80KdesksoSaYYxYlnacpMmonFf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"明暗交界线是素描中灰面与暗面的交界,虽然名字是明暗交界“线”,但是它是由“面”组成的,由于光线以及静物本身形体的变化,明暗交界线也会有非常丰富的变化","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PqUkdg0AKo2YQcxcB7Hcd0eXnIb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有一些静物因为形体会有很多明暗交界线,所以我们找到这些明暗交界线之后统一暗部,然后这些明暗交界线的色调也要做一个区分,靠近光源的颜色稍微要亮一些。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YEQudyISIoOKQyxWms0cxLERnBg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"结合视频讲解可以明白明暗的运用手法","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV14m4y1978u/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV14m4y1978u/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=6b26da26630111503906a454dabeb61d","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YoeKdKoUcoWeuAxuwSBc5XQdn6d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐书籍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"X2Q4d6OEMo2Kq2xyoSCcJ4OLnlb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《素描风暴》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EGeQdyAwioIi4exi6Axc2deTnUb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":541,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐书籍","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/92fb9082097c4a07bb98fb3391d77f42","width":348},"text":"","id":"Eq6sdWSmgoCCMuxCGjHchzMJn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《素描的诀窍》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CsO2dW6aOo86Ecx6dl4cS29tndc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":743,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐书籍","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7fa92e7b77f049a69af53d7a4e7ef9e1","width":554},"text":"","id":"Domed6wWuoac8Qx4wlEcRSFmnYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《像艺术家一样思考》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YsQ8dQsacoO2iQx4NvmcjShVnLg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":444,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐书籍","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a09df027dced4945956d521728932dae","width":360},"text":"","id":"H2iKdeemAosUegxola5cpqY6noe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《伯里曼人体结构绘画教学》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2Q0dU8AOoC0AyxEXyOcLjBrnec"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":466,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐书籍","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/90a2f27fc9614fb3849e40ae6eab8d88","width":323},"text":"","id":"Ns4KdgGmsoiyG8xdUwPcw2Gpnec"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Egi4dYek6oqQUMxqoRKcbbOVnXc"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

7. 电机型号YS63是什么意思

行书,是一种书法统称,分为行楷和行草两种。在楷书的基础上发展,是介于楷书、草书之间的一种字体,是为了弥补楷书的书写速度太慢和草书的难于辨认而产生的。"行"是"行走"的意思,因此它不像草书那样潦草,也不像楷书那样端正。

行书特点

行书作为一种有别于其他字体的独立字体,自然在笔画形态、用笔方法、部首写法以及结构上都有其自身的一些特点。

行笔增速

行书的行笔增速是相对楷书而言的。行书在增速上,不仅表现在笔画与笔画出现牵丝映带、以圆转代替方折,还表现在笔顺的改变和以简代繁甚至借用草书的一些写法上等等。但是在书写时不能为了快而快,造成笔笔相连如蜘蛛网一样。

笔画线条多变

楷如立,行如走,行书的走体现在笔画的流动性而形成的动感上。起笔多以露锋起笔,笔画之间增加呼应等,下面仅从四个方便加以说明:

附笔连接

所谓附笔,就是一个字的原来笔画顺势而出现的附加笔画(比较细、比较虚)。如点、横画与下面的笔画衔接时,出现附钩;与上面的笔画衔接时出现附挑;长撇收笔处往往出现明显的起钩,看上去与“钩”没有什么不同,实际上是撇画的附钩。如图:

这些附钩、附挑与上笔、下笔连接的呼应关系极为明显,使笔画脉络相通,活泼流畅、动感十足。但要注意,这些附钩、附挑的出现,是行笔过程中起笔和收笔留下的自然痕迹,不可有意去描摹追求。否则会失去天然美。

以圆代方

行书的转折笔画,方笔明显减少,而以圆代替方折,这是由于行笔增快的原因。转折处省略了提按的顿笔,圆转而过,使笔画圆润自然。如图:

变直为弧

楷书要求横平竖直,而行书的横竖由于行笔增快,为了增强笔画之间的呼应关系,长横和长竖的写法有的稍带弧形。如图:

但不是所有的横、竖都作弧形,如中竖就要挺直,即便是稍带有弧形的笔画,也要有一定的力度,柔中见刚。

以简代繁

楷书的笔画各自独立,其笔画数目严格遵循汉字规范,一个字由几个笔画就写几个笔画。写行书时,为了书写简便,往往将相邻的笔画连写,合并线条,或对楷书的某些部位做了简化,减少起、收笔的次数。

楷书的钩画,在书写行书时,多省略了起钩。如图:

行书的基本笔画点画,可以代替横、竖、撇、捺笔画。如图:

行书的部首在楷书的基础上出现连笔,减少了笔画数,使书写更加方便。如图:

笔顺变化

行书的笔顺大部分遵循楷书笔顺规则,但为了连写便捷,一篇字中有时会出现一些人们习惯使用的行草书字形,有些字就改变了常规的笔画顺序。如图(楷书6笔,行书3笔):

体势变化

由于行书的笔画较之楷书发生了一些变化,其结果也随着带来了变化。大体有以下几种情况:

1、一个字有多种写法

如“是”字下半部分,“花”字的字头,写得有放有缩,同中有异,多样而统一,颇有趣味。如图:

2.打破楷书端庄方正的束缚,略带攲斜,自成新的体势

如横画可以较大幅度上斜,笔画的走向也可以略偏离原来楷书的轨道。这就在不同程度上改变了楷书的体势,使整篇字中的个体和群体都变得自由活泼了,避免了楷书的呆板。如图:

行书运笔技巧

笔画运行

硬笔行书的基本笔画,在书写时都有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。

所谓起笔,就是开始书写笔画笔尖触纸时的下笔;行笔,就是书写笔画的中间运笔;收笔,就是笔画书写结束时的用笔。如写横画,左为起笔,中为行笔,右为收笔,等等。起笔有轻有重,行笔有快有慢,收笔有回有露。例如:

提笔、按笔

硬笔行书的用笔也讲究提按,以增强笔画的粗细变化和轻重的节奏。所谓提笔,就是笔从纸面提起,笔尖触纸力度小,笔画要细;所谓按笔,就是笔尖在纸上往下按,笔尖触纸力度大,笔画要粗一些。如图:

翻笔、折笔

翻笔,一般是向上取逆势,上一笔接下一笔出现的钩挑。如“古”字的横,“人”、“有”的撇都是用翻笔写成的。折笔,一般是向下、向右取顺势,如“口”字的横折、“山”字的竖折,都是用这笔写成的。不论翻笔、折笔,都要求用笔慢而有力。如图:

侧笔

侧笔主要取字的姿态,笔画的下笔处比较方折,显得刚劲有力。如“五、方”等字的长横,“永、广”等字的侧点,“志”字的中竖,“个”字的斜撇等,都是侧笔写成的。如图:

涩笔

涩笔,书写时故意放慢行笔速度,认为制造行笔阻力。目的在于强调线条的质感,多用于竖钩、竖弯钩等笔画。如图:

游笔

游笔似行云流水,用笔流畅、便捷,多用于钩画字的轮廓,以增加线条的流动。如图:

掠笔

掠笔也叫牵丝,书写时将笔轻提,一带而过。掠笔的作用是牵引笔画,加强上一笔画与下一笔画之间的联系。但要注意,掠笔使用要自然,不能笔笔都用牵丝或人为地去描摹。如图:

叠笔

叠笔,就是在原来的行笔路线上重返进行。这种方法,可以使局部笔画变得丰润。需要注意的是重叠的距离不能过长。如图:

行书笔画

基本笔画

笔画是构成字的基本要素,练习基本笔画是书写汉字的基本功训练。行书笔画是在楷书笔画的基础上增加速度和流动感,有时可直接使用楷法,有时增加牵丝,钩挑或弧形笔画。

1、带勾点是由点带出勾挑,如“不”字,目的是牵引下一字。写法是先顺势写长点,用笔要由轻而重、由左而右,勾时再用力顿一下,然后迅速向左下勾出。带勾点要有一定的弯势,不能生硬僵直;线条要遭劲流利,不能软弱迟疑。

2、带下点是指上下两点一笔带下,如“淤”(于)字。写法是落笔写上点,用力顿一下,再提笔写下点,最后再用力顿一下,迅速勾出。上点略侧,下点稍平,上下点之间,用一细细的牵丝相连。使上下连贯、粗细分明,有形态、有动势。

3、带右点是由左点带出右点,如“以”字。写法是用笔轻落重按先写左点,然后提笔写右点,略顿一下用力向右上趯出,趯勾要短小。写带右点时左点要大右点要小,如两点差不多大,就缺少变化。

4、合二点是指左右两点相呼相应,如“六”字。写法是轻落重按写左点,然后用力向右上勾出,再顺着勾势写右点,最后用力向左下撇出。合二点虽然中间没有牵丝相连,但要一气呵成,左点与右点之间应左高右低,遥相呼应。

1、下勾横是指横画下面带勾,如“然”字。“然”字下面本来是四点,现改写为一横画,是采用了草书写法。写法是落笔略顿,再向右写横,至末端用力折笔向左下勾出。

2、上挑横是指横画上面带挑,如“古”字。写法是在写好一横后,再用力一顿翻笔上挑而出.上挑横与下勾横不同处是末端收笔的方向不一样,前者上挑,后者下勾;上挑是为了顺势写上画,下勾是为了开启下笔。

1、悬针竖是指竖画下面尖尖的如针倒悬,如“半”字。写法是落笔略顿,接着由上而下、由重而轻写竖画。悬针竖要如针垂直端悬,不能东斜西倒。

2、垂露竖是指竖画下面不失如露水倒垂,如“申”字。写法是落笔略顿,接着由上而下写竖画,至末端再略顿一下,回锋收笔。垂露竖的两端用笔重而中间用笔轻,两端书写速度慢而中间书写速度快,竖中带挺呈曲势,如人挺立,显得精神饱满。

3、曲勾竖是指竖画下端带曲勾,如“抑”字。写法是写好一竖后,末端收笔时顺势向左下迅速勾出。曲勾竖的竖中略带曲势,并非一味地端直。

4、仰勾竖是指竖画下端带仰勾,如“隆”字。写法是落笔写竖画,至末端再用力向右上勾出。。仰勾竖与曲勾竖的差别是前者仰勾向上、由左而右,后者曲勾向下、由右而左;前者是承上笔,后者是启下画。

1、回锋撇是指撇画下端回锋向上,如“化”字。写法是落笔稍重,随着向左下写撇,至撇尾再回锋向上收笔。因为撇尾回锋收笔,并非出锋收笔。所以撇尾不失而圆。

2、挑脚撇是指撇画下端挑脚向上,如“今”字。写法与回锋撇同,只是收笔时挑脚而出呈勾状。一般说,回锋撇往往是撇后写竖,笔势角度小,挑脚撇往往是撇后写捺,笔势角度大。

3、斜撇斜撇是楷书写法,撇端尖尖的,如“余”字。写法是落笔稍重,然后逐渐提笔向左下撇出,撇时要轻灵不要迟疑,而且力要送到撇尖。

4、平撇平撇在字头,短小而平,如“重”字。写法是落笔重,略顿,随后提笔迅速撇出。平撇的形态有点象鸟啄,短小尖锐。

1、斜捺是指捺画斜而长,如“秦”字。斜捺在汉字中往往与斜撇相配,如同人的左右手。写法是顺着撇势轻落笔,略横行,接着转笔向右下方写。捺时要稍用力,随即向右平捺出。斜捺的形态是一波三折,故又称“波画”。

2、回锋捺是指斜捺的捺脚收笔处不是出锋而是回锋,如“天”字。写法与斜捺同,只是最后回锋收笔,露出下尖勾,目的是为了书写下一字。

3、反捺是从斜捺、回锋捺变化而来,如“木”字。写法是轻落笔,触纸后徐徐用力向右下行笔,然后用力向左下勾出。

4、圆曲捺是指游水捺的三弯处圆曲如环。写法是先落笔写一点,接着顺势写一竖,再提笔向右拐弯,然后回锋或藏锋收笔。写回曲捺要注意两点,一是拐弯要圆曲不能生硬,二是捺尾要圆浑不能尖利。

5、平捺在字的下面起托的作用,因比字头或字中的斜捺角度较小波画较平而名之,如“之”字。写法是回锋落笔,略横,随着向右下用笔,然后用力平平捺出。平捺与斜捺一样,形态是一波三折,有一种流动的势态。

6、挑勾捺是指平捺的捺脚上挑,如“超”字。写法是写好平捺后,捺脚不平出,而是顺势上挑成勾状,目的是为了便于写“走”字里面的部分。挑勾捺其实是在平捺快写后顺着笔势自然形成的一种写法,不可勉强为之。

1、短挑是挑画的一种,线条短小,如“地”字。短挑在行书中是承着其他点画书写而出,短小精锐,恰似一把短剑。写法是落笔后略顿,随即逐渐提笔用力挑出。

2、撇折挑是指撇和挑连写,如“福”字。写法是先写一撇,然后折笔用力向右上迅速挑出,撇折挑要注意折处,书写时点画务必交待清楚,不能含含糊糊,拖泥带水。

1、蟹爪勾是指竖勾屈曲似蟹爪,如“寺”字。写法是先写竖画,然后转笔向左行笔,再翻笔向上勾出。蟹爪勾是竖勾的变化写法,形态优美、线条雄健、气势酣畅。

2、戈勾即戈字勾,如“戊”字。写法是侧锋落笔,然后纵笔而下,勾时用力翻笔向上勾出。戈画平中带弧有韧劲,刚中含柔见纵势。

3、背抛勾是指从背面反抛勾出,如“夙”字。写法是顺势写上横画,拐弯时折笔而下,然后宛转提笔写下弯画,再翻笔向左上勾出。背抛勾转弯抹角处不能生硬有棱角,勾尖要向内,对着字心首画。

4、浮鹅勾因形同白鹅浮绿水而名,如“毛”字。写法是落笔稍重,接着用笔向下写直画,随即提笔拐弯写横,最后翻笔向上勾出。浮鹅勾要鹅头高昂,鹅身平正,方正中呈圆势,态度雍容大方,气宇轩昂不几。

5、回锋勾如同回锋捺是斜捺的快写形式一样,回锋勾是浮鹅勾的快写形式,如“也”字。写法是顺势写竖横圆曲折,然后翻笔由上绕一小圈向下勾出。回锋勾与浮鹅勾的不同处除了勾的形式和方向不一样外,是回锋勾的竖横向内圆曲而浮鹅勾的竖横向外开拓。向内圆曲的比较宛转流利,向外开拓的比较雄健挺拔。

1、横勾折是指横画加折勾,如“罪”字。写法是落笔先写横画,折时稍用力向左下方勾出。横勾折不仅要横与勾的笔画分明,而且转折要自然有力。

2、竖勾折是指竖画加折勾,如“问”字。写法是先写竖画,要心胸挺起,折时不妨笔略提起,再顿下去,然后迅速向左上勾出。

3、曲折在行书中用得很多,凡是撇捺连续快写都成曲折,如“根”字。写法是落笔写撇画,接着向右折笔,再随即向下勾。曲折形似闪电,富于动态。

4、撇捺折是撇捺的连写,但书写较工整,如“衣”字。写法是落笔稍重,再逐渐提笔写撇,然后回锋向右下方写反捺,即成。撇捺折在撇捺的交接处要连写,要有折的风味。

5、三弯折是指三弯折曲折成三弯,如“乃”字。写法是先落笔写横,再折笔写弯,接着顺势向下弯出。三弯折要折而有韧劲,弯曲自然舒展。

6、内勾折是由横撇折的外勾变为内勾,如“序”字。写法是写好横画后,接着翻笔写撇,撇要成内包势,随即趁势向右上勾出。

7、鹅勾折是浮鹅勾的快速简便写法,如“光”字。写法是依势落笔写短斜竖,随即折笔向右上勾出。鹅勾折的折处要圆润遒丽,用笔要流畅明净。

行书偏旁

行书偏旁一定要根据与其所搭配的单体的长短、肥瘦,大小不同而有所变化,不能千篇一律。此外,部首一定要与其所搭配的单体互相呼应。呼应的方法,或者借助于楷书用意连,或者借助于草书用形连。形连时要注意既要靠牵丝,又要靠笔势,过多地使用牵丝,如果形连势不能连,整个字仍是盘散沙。

食字旁

侧锋落笔写撇,随即回锋写横勾折,接着顺势写竖仰勾。整个食字旁线条清楚匀称,是一笔写成。

衣字旁

首点向左下带出一点以呼应下一笔,撇点用撇提代替,改变示字旁的书写顺序。

弓字旁

先落笔写横折,再翻笔写横折勾。弓字旁的弓须一气呵成,不能用两笔或三笔写成。

虫字旁

落笔写短斜竖,再顺势写横竖折,接着回锋写下横,然后翻笔向上写竖折挑,为了便于书写,行书虫字旁的一点往往省掉。

马字旁

落笔写出折勾,再回笔写竖横折勾,最后顺势写下横。下横一般写成挑画,以便书写右面点画。

页字旁

页字旁主要是在右部。其第一横要稍长,抗肩,中间用小撇画,不要太长,撇画的起笔位置稍靠左,第二个撇画的弯度较大一些,但不要写的太长,最后撇画带出小钩,呼应最后一点。

舌字旁

首先平撇要短,角度稍平,竖写短,横可稍长,但口字要写小。所以偏旁整体要小。

田字旁

田字旁也是写小,且整体稍向右上斜。

行书章法

行书是介于楷书和草书之间的书体,是日常生活书写中最常用最流行的书体。尤以钢笔行书为最。行书笔画、结构有一定的伸缩性,形态又多变化,丰富奇彩、意到笔随,可塑性大,利于发挥艺术效果,实用价值更是超过其它书体。一副得意之作,通篇结构,引领管带,首尾呼应,一气呵成,各尽意志,气适流动,起伏随势,巧布虚陈,寄情寓意,无不淋漓尽致,酣畅爽快,令人赏心悦目。这些都说明章法在行书创作中显得尤为重要。

章法特点

行书由于笔画、结构变化较大,形体各异,加之书写风格不同,因而即使同一字也会出现多种形态,有肥瘦、长短、方圆、雄浑、挺拨、俊秀等差别。正是这些差别,使行书作品千姿百态,异彩纷呈,构成了不同的气韵的章法。因此,行书的谋篇布局较楷书要灵活得多,具有如下特点:

笔势多取纵势

由于行书笔画活泼流动,笔画之间有牵纵行带,前字的末笔与后字的首笔连带密切,如取纵势,更显得如行云流水,气韵贯通,给人以一气呵成之势。

疏密变化自如

行书除笔画、结构有疏密变化外,在整体布局中通过改变字形的大小、长短、字态的肥瘦、俯仰,能自由地调整疏密位置与布白,达到疏密得当,布白奇妙的效果。

参差错落有致

行书不仅仅笔画、结体各部分及字与字之间有参差变化外,而且行与行之间及通篇亦有错落变化,这样,整体布局显得活泼灵动,妙趣横生。

行气直抒胸臆

由于行书书写速度较快,行笔之时情法于中、笔情交融,最能直接表达书者的情感,增加作品的感染力。

谋篇技巧

以动为主

楷书的章法以静为主要特征,给人以平和稳定、一丝不苟、不激不厉和端正严肃的感觉;行书章法则以动为主要特征,给人以生动飘逸和富有生命活力的感觉。

前人出书法要“师造化”,凡在现实生活中能见到的动作姿态,都可借鉴到行、草书中去,以增强行书作品的动感,丰富其内涵和底蕴。多欣赏和临写古今行书大家作品,也是培养书写动感的有效途径。我们不能用楷书的结体和章法来写行书,这样会使作品显得沉快无生气。

虽然行书强调动感,但并不是随意为之、不要法度,它仍要遵循一定的规律,以严谨求灵变,避免过于放纵。

以不齐求齐

楷书要求字的上下左右间隔匀称,排列整齐,以工整规范为美。行书则要求字形有大小,间隔有疏密排列,有错落变化,以局部的不整齐求得整体的平衡、稳定和齐整,以变化为美。一幅好的行书作品,初看起来一行一行排列得很整齐,行与行之间的距离也相等,一气呵成,浑然一体,气韵生动,但细看起来,我们不难发现,字与字并不对齐,有的偏左,有的偏右,左右动荡不写,行与行之间的距离也不相等,有的紧,有的松,没有定则,即所谓的“行书无写法”,需要我们多实践、多体会。

具有节奏变化

一幅好的行书作品,就象一首抒情的歌曲,时而婉转平和,时而高亢豪迈,时而如行云流水,时而如电闪雷鸣,几经曲折,波澜起伏。这些都是书者书写时情感的自然渲泄,这种渲泻是有节奏的,体现了行书作品的节奏美。

前后呼应

行书作品最注重首字,应静心写好文稿第一字,以统领全篇。要使行书的章法显得严谨而又富于变化,一定要注意前后呼应关系,要意在笔先,事先考虑好前后字的衔接问题。

书写姿势

坐姿

正确的书写姿势不只是为了好看,还可以使书写技能得到充分、有效地发挥,有助于书写者的身心健康。书写姿势同时也反映出书写者的修养,只有身正才会字正。正确的姿势应是头正、身直、肩平、胸舒、臂开、足安。

1、头部端正:头要居中,稍向前下方俯视,眼睛与纸面一尺距离,不可俯得太低,也不可左偏、右斜。

2、身直肩平:臀部平坐于椅子中间大部,不能扭向一边,两肩平齐,上身不弯曲,使上身重心安稳。

3、臂开胸舒:两臂自然开张,两肘平放桌面,保持一线,腹背挺直,胸口与桌沿保持一拳距离,使呼吸顺畅。

4、腿开足安:两腿分开,与肩同宽,自然下垂,内侧保持平行,两脚平放地上,使全身平衡。正确的书写姿势,才能使字写得端正,重心平衡。同时,正确的姿势也会给人的身体带来益处。

握姿

执笔方法不正确,不但妨碍书写姿势,影响书写质量,还会给书写者身心健康带来危害,不可忽视。根据笔的自身特点,硬笔是三指执笔法,斜拿。

正确的执笔方法:

①用拇指、食指、中指三个指头捏住笔杆(三指处于同一平面);

②指尖距笔尖约2.5cm~3cm(两指左右);

③所有指关节都向外弯;

④笔杆位于食指的根部(如下图)。

同时,还要做到:

①指实:拇指、食指、中指来自三方的力量,处在与笔杆垂直的同一圆角上,将笔杆夹牢,松紧适度。

②掌虚:无名指和小指紧随中指下部依次靠拢,并向掌心弯曲、虛握。小指的整个底部形成一个环形底座,虚贴桌面。

③杆斜:笔杆向右后方倾斜,紧靠在食指第三关节与虎口方向,与桌面呈45°角。如果写较大的字,手指向前伸直,笔杆与纸面角度减小;书写较小的字手指向掌心收缩,笔杆与纸面角度大,宜于精離细琢。

工具

选笔

钢笔

钢笔的地位在硬笔练字中处于不可撼动的地位,较强表现力可以反映出毛笔的效果。适合练字的钢笔,日笔应该比欧笔更适合一些。推荐白金3776,百乐78G,写乐21K等。

关于练习钢笔的选择,我们可以遵从以下原则:

(1)不使用美工笔。美工笔不利于稳定练习;

(2)不使用写起来不适的钢笔。比如出现堵笔、洇墨、摩阻过大等问题;

(3)不使用过贵的钢笔。在成本练字的过程相对耗笔,尽量做到成本控制,贵的笔对练字本身没有太实质性的帮助。

中性笔

中性笔有稳定、表现力强、便宜、便捷、书写舒适等优点,是一种相对完美的笔。不止在此次行楷练习试验中,日常生活中,大多数人更愿意使用0.5中性笔。

推荐适合练字的中性笔

1、国产中性笔宝克PC-1168,这款笔无论从握持手感、出水流畅度、品控还是书写感受方面,都属于第一梯队的,一点也不比那些昂贵的进口中性笔差。

2、百乐P700和P500,其实就是0.7和0.5,笔感超级顺滑,而且出水不多不少,非常好写,这么出名是有原因的。可能看不出来,但0.5确实比0.7的更细。练字推荐用0.7,0.5的可以日常用。

中性笔的挑选可以遵从如下原则:

(1)书写流度,笔触顺骨,笔画饱满,墨色均匀;

(2)握笔舒适度,长时间书写不会有过于明显累手、压迫感;

(3)墨干燥速度,书写时不会被谱黑就行。

其他笔

除了钢笔和中性笔,其他笔类都可以进行练字。种类繁多,最为常见的有铅笔,圆珠笔等。不一定局限于某种笔。

纸张

练习纸种类繁多,常见的有回宫格、米字格、田字格、空白格、横线格、竖线格等等,练习纸的选择也需依据自己的基础,初学尽量选择辅助线多的回宫格、米字格等,随着阶段的变化,练习纸也应该有所改变以减少辅助,达到科学练习的目的。按时间顺序,不止使用了米字格纸、田字格纸、空白格纸、横线纸、竖线纸、白纸。

重点:从脱离米字格到白纸,练字整个过程都贯穿着田字格纸的巩固练习,不属于完全转换状态。

另外,有以下几个点可以注意:

(1)当没有问题的笔墨写在纸上产生洇墨、阻力大等类问题,建议换纸。

(2)不要使用线格过小的纸,选择写起来有种自然舒适状态的纸。

(3)不要刻意追求“好”纸,硬笔行书的练习对纸的要求较低。

字帖

如果基础比较差,或者追求没那么高,可以从现代字帖练,比较容易上手。如果想追求书法或者有一定基础,那么就要多临摹古帖了。硬笔临摹古帖,初学以赵孟頫行楷《妙严寺》、《胆巴碑》过度,再以《赤壁赋》、《吴兴赋》入手,然后可以临文征明等二王一路的帖。或者直接以李邕《法华寺》入手。以上字帖,要下大功夫临摹,专注一本,长期熏修,悟到行书精髓,然后可以遍临诸家。

推荐字帖

1、田英章的字帖

田英章的硬笔字,刚中带柔,舒展洒脱。

以下是田英章老师的一些作品:

2、李放鸣字帖

李放鸣字的风格与田英章老师较为相近。其书法字帖因选材独特、版式新颖、印刷精美,被许多学校作为指定书法教材,在全国首届硬笔书法系列评比中获书家组“十佳字帖”奖,

以下是李放鸣老师的一些作品:

3、司马彦行书

司马彦的行书相当棒特别适合初学者临习,临他的字帖其优点是不容易走偏而且有利于将来的发展是国内目前少有的即有名气又有实力的书法家,他的行书字帖是国内许多院校硬笔行书的必修课。

书写注意的问题

钢笔行书的幅式有中堂条幅、条屏、对联、横幅、长卷、扇面等幅式。

钢笔行书函文的书写形式,也有竖写和横写两种方式。常用的排列方式,与楷书大体接近。一般用单线稿纸或无格纸书写较多,方格纸用得较少。

钢笔行书的落款,款文要用本体或行草书写,款文字形要小于正文,钤印的印章宁少勿多,1-2方足矣。印章的大小,应等于或略大于款文,但不得大于正文。钤印位置要与正文相呼应,起到活跃布局、平衡作品的作用。

(一)要以楷书为基础,在结构和用笔两方面练好扎实的基本功。行书的用笔和结构虽然较楷书有所变化,但还没有达到草书“解散楷体”的程度。因此,学习行书必须要具备一定的楷书基础。

(二)要重视临摹。行书虽然承袭楷书,但笔画、部首和结体都发生了一些规律性的变化。这些规律性的变化、写法,就要通过临摹去掌握,而不能随心所欲。

(三)不宜过分强调和滥用行书的用笔特点。前面讲了行书诸多特点,在书写中适当运用能给字增色,但如果过分追求和滥用某一方面的特点,就会走向反面。如,笔笔相连,就会造成圈眼密布而形同蛛网。

(四)学习行书宜从部首开始。行书在长期使用过程中形成了一些约定俗成的写法,熟悉和掌握这些部首的写法,就能了解行书的造形规律,收到举一反三之效。

坚持练字

当我们学习一项新技能,坚持这件事无疑是学习过程中最重要的事,也是最难做到的事,练字也是这样。

想要坚持就得有大的决心,然后培养出习惯,并且能体会到练字给自己带来的乐趣。在坚持的过程中,能够得到来自别人和自己的肯定。

所以,不妨列一个计划,树立一个可以达到的目标。前期的目标不能追求质的改变,需要做量的积累。例如,我要临写琴赋,我每周要认真的练10个字。我第一天可以通临一遍,我第三十天的时候再通临一遍。可以做一次比较。如果认真练,一个月,成果还是能激励到自己的。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书,是一种书法统称,分为行楷和行草两种。在楷书的基础上发展,是介于楷书、草书之间的一种字体,是为了弥补楷书的书写速度太慢和草书的难于辨认而产生的。\"行\"是\"行走\"的意思,因此它不像草书那样潦草,也不像楷书那样端正。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYooE6s02q6YwaIX4hu9uoh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书特点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCmOEs00igwWECGZNmciYhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书作为一种有别于其他字体的独立字体,自然在笔画形态、用笔方法、部首写法以及结构上都有其自身的一些特点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngkAmU6qiK4i8Qv6BxHNrRh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行笔增速","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw6GEi4esci8uQI1iR5Lh6N"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书的行笔增速是相对楷书而言的。行书在增速上,不仅表现在笔画与笔画出现牵丝映带、以圆转代替方折,还表现在笔顺的改变和以简代繁甚至借用草书的一些写法上等等。但是在书写时不能为了快而快,造成笔笔相连如蜘蛛网一样。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4A2qasEiuWUYkZ1dqB2YKg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔画线条多变","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAC0IEe8smUMWUNkE65pqFe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷如立,行如走,行书的走体现在笔画的流动性而形成的动感上。起笔多以露锋起笔,笔画之间增加呼应等,下面仅从四个方便加以说明:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmo2EUA2QyQYQOpRuAKjWVN"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"附笔连接","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKO8U08cWWeECqYPIfYOYFe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所谓附笔,就是一个字的原来笔画顺势而出现的附加笔画(比较细、比较虚)。如点、横画与下面的笔画衔接时,出现附钩;与上面的笔画衔接时出现附挑;长撇收笔处往往出现明显的起钩,看上去与“钩”没有什么不同,实际上是撇画的附钩。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng40Ayk4sOochdaUkUaDoRc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":108,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"附笔连接","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/eca8f277af0b489aac734555f6636835","width":573},"text":"","id":"doxcne4MYO0e0MSEOaqWW5DscEg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这些附钩、附挑与上笔、下笔连接的呼应关系极为明显,使笔画脉络相通,活泼流畅、动感十足。但要注意,这些附钩、附挑的出现,是行笔过程中起笔和收笔留下的自然痕迹,不可有意去描摹追求。否则会失去天然美。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQosAsCSGaCgIWgLBtZK6cf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"以圆代方","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnke0eqiaMQIEkckKTrA1cjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书的转折笔画,方笔明显减少,而以圆代替方折,这是由于行笔增快的原因。转折处省略了提按的顿笔,圆转而过,使笔画圆润自然。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMIigaa6YeQ0cqQPyA7Bwrh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":114,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"以圆代方","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fa22bfea6aca41b7a9421e6071527ebe","width":595},"text":"","id":"doxcnSw6iMMO06ssymyB1twoYmh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"变直为弧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn00YcUQm8uSGQuGKq3NljJb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书要求横平竖直,而行书的横竖由于行笔增快,为了增强笔画之间的呼应关系,长横和长竖的写法有的稍带弧形。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaKskOi0sY4KGakHWIsQk3z"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":116,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"变直为弧","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/15c909205ef94238b967205ddc025d52","width":613},"text":"","id":"doxcnGqo4eSEKUUwSwTXTYrUHic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"但不是所有的横、竖都作弧形,如中竖就要挺直,即便是稍带有弧形的笔画,也要有一定的力度,柔中见刚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYi0UGKweOYA4KkT58rn5T2"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"以简代繁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGiaEmcsGagIm4OSsc9z8bc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书的笔画各自独立,其笔画数目严格遵循汉字规范,一个字由几个笔画就写几个笔画。写行书时,为了书写简便,往往将相邻的笔画连写,合并线条,或对楷书的某些部位做了简化,减少起、收笔的次数。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsQQsMgoM2A402yVHiHyPUv"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书的钩画,在书写行书时,多省略了起钩。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6eyqgoGoem08SsWngD7f3f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":98,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"以简代繁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b354150271a34825903868d3d515d728","width":628},"text":"","id":"doxcnK6KygmS0QoOUwjHQ8geBXe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书的基本笔画点画,可以代替横、竖、撇、捺笔画。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmYOkwSwUuW4YMRE6knAXNc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":122,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"以简代繁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d2f6f6b0635a4c848a1d6491f4eeb70a","width":610},"text":"","id":"doxcnaoEGQ0IMI62yuwFnncnP1u"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书的部首在楷书的基础上出现连笔,减少了笔画数,使书写更加方便。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng8CEO06kGaGiWK2FYjnhIe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":131,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"以简代繁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2aa6fa9722874a839bae5d58753edc10","width":624},"text":"","id":"doxcnsOuGiIi2ySsEamQ4uXeCXe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔顺变化","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOWYccUaQYoYwYVjno6mVFg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书的笔顺大部分遵循楷书笔顺规则,但为了连写便捷,一篇字中有时会出现一些人们习惯使用的行草书字形,有些字就改变了常规的笔画顺序。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"如图","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"(楷书6笔,行书3笔):","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkYCYuqeCYaI683GEkwio1e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":101,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔顺变化","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b163d5ef32144a4388b912e4dcc2c57e","width":578},"text":"","id":"doxcnYQsY0AQiQM60SIwbqdCQZe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"体势变化","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK8ekquqcSwW6gc1HfDZZy7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"由于行书的笔画较之楷书发生了一些变化,其结果也随着带来了变化。大体有以下几种情况:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYcayiScyO4ksEpwQUWCpCe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、一个字有多种写法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0SE0GGqO0UeUiIHM8D5oDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如“是”字下半部分,“花”字的字头,写得有放有缩,同中有异,多样而统一,颇有趣味。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEIYGeI42OG8QGOOxMNGnTd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":204,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"体势变化","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/37c1e6c1bcdb490580c87e506e958ee2","width":483},"text":"","id":"doxcnQyEiqUKeqUyo8LDxLzsHJh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.打破楷书端庄方正的束缚,略带攲斜,自成新的体势","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnekuEeAGmUas0eW6kEGNm5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如横画可以较大幅度上斜,笔画的走向也可以略偏离原来楷书的轨道。这就在不同程度上改变了楷书的体势,使整篇字中的个体和群体都变得自由活泼了,避免了楷书的呆板。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIqUEEeswYSKAARJKgVX2Ff"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":118,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"体势变化","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b5d537a662744315aca01acc06fbc9a9","width":589},"text":"","id":"doxcnK6GK8OwqqoCqkpbuAXc8bg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书运笔技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn286meS28OAIS2SImTeo2kb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔画运行","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn66mcsMAg8ME2uClYQvkzCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬笔行书的基本笔画,在书写时都有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8oiwWqqI0W6K0ceOnst56d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所谓起笔,就是开始书写笔画笔尖触纸时的下笔;行笔,就是书写笔画的中间运笔;收笔,就是笔画书写结束时的用笔。如写横画,左为起笔,中为行笔,右为收笔,等等。起笔有轻有重,行笔有快有慢,收笔有回有露。例如:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngAEsqoQ4iqSyIt9czBdsYd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":117,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔画运行","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/26620f385ccb48549b0d42af46ee8148","width":608},"text":"","id":"doxcnu0I8C6QSkQu6wC8uxXsIXY"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"提笔、按笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOKMO0aw0YYycCmpOuXS0uc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬笔行书的用笔也讲究提按,以增强笔画的粗细变化和轻重的节奏。所谓提笔,就是笔从纸面提起,笔尖触纸力度小,笔画要细;所谓按笔,就是笔尖在纸上往下按,笔尖触纸力度大,笔画要粗一些。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMUQUQyqSI20yqa7sL7G9oS"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":120,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"提笔、按笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/771a46a498b94d1dbfce1dafd2b27352","width":635},"text":"","id":"doxcnekasEsoeoe4mu0Nonrjcle"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翻笔、折笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkwSKqK2EUKaIOcl4UC3Ewf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翻笔,一般是向上取逆势,上一笔接下一笔出现的钩挑。如“古”字的横,“人”、“有”的撇都是用翻笔写成的。折笔,一般是向下、向右取顺势,如“口”字的横折、“山”字的竖折,都是用这笔写成的。不论翻笔、折笔,都要求用笔慢而有力。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyu6isAmOi4mGTUsHEOHMyl"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":116,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翻笔、折笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/376c3e54379a4f8da1fdcdac2c9ec6d1","width":604},"text":"","id":"doxcn8mko4OE4Isik4sE9kDYhOb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYUSKSkE6ecGYOyGakZ6Ece"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧笔主要取字的姿态,笔画的下笔处比较方折,显得刚劲有力。如“五、方”等字的长横,“永、广”等字的侧点,“志”字的中竖,“个”字的斜撇等,都是侧笔写成的。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnickAgMqO4cSeqQWjFp2fOb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":118,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"侧笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/34052b9680c943679ca2b04e24444a41","width":615},"text":"","id":"doxcniOQqoe8GSea4KwF9bGE8oc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"涩笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIkieauKK2cIEyGYClkTTTT"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"涩笔,书写时故意放慢行笔速度,认为制造行笔阻力。目的在于强调线条的质感,多用于竖钩、竖弯钩等笔画。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncmuAC2coEcoyaMtuxgMHeg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":120,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"涩笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a19fb0a98520486a9af24133ca5290f8","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcngyyMMII2u0YoQH0KHwRW9d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"游笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncg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"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、悬针竖是指竖画下面尖尖的如针倒悬,如“半”字。写法是落笔略顿,接着由上而下、由重而轻写竖画。悬针竖要如针垂直端悬,不能东斜西倒。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMGEuSO0UIEKwERGIXzMqXd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":58,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竖","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9f97144af17c4cc3852ee12797785bea","width":116},"text":"","id":"doxcnSAy0YIQgoW8QkZfG88gPdf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、垂露竖是指竖画下面不失如露水倒垂,如“申”字。写法是落笔略顿,接着由上而下写竖画,至末端再略顿一下,回锋收笔。垂露竖的两端用笔重而中间用笔轻,两端书写速度慢而中间书写速度快,竖中带挺呈曲势,如人挺立,显得精神饱满。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEMqY8OiweUaEwfryAYZwlb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竖","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c7233748a264451aae64cb85136d77f9","width":115},"text":"","id":"doxcns6ooS2yy0UywOQZTPz5ypd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、曲勾竖是指竖画下端带曲勾,如“抑”字。写法是写好一竖后,末端收笔时顺势向左下迅速勾出。曲勾竖的竖中略带曲势,并非一味地端直。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWocOQWKQ6E8C23aBQquN0e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竖","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/422582d36dca4f7fb6a6ec0c247ac8be","width":116},"text":"","id":"doxcniCkCySYaogCMy8CgtzOdad"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、仰勾竖是指竖画下端带仰勾,如“隆”字。写法是落笔写竖画,至末端再用力向右上勾出。。仰勾竖与曲勾竖的差别是前者仰勾向上、由左而右,后者曲勾向下、由右而左;前者是承上笔,后者是启下画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyaSKUuKC2KqK617H2GW7Pb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竖","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8f716018b4ea41b397b1aaf7e4f3680d","width":114},"text":"","id":"doxcnuse6KUEuUEUCcRJx1mLSfc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"撇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkuQgYUGGYCWmu1xqsHOvdb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、回锋撇是指撇画下端回锋向上,如“化”字。写法是落笔稍重,随着向左下写撇,至撇尾再回锋向上收笔。因为撇尾回锋收笔,并非出锋收笔。所以撇尾不失而圆。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwSKsUSWqMCAAEpqutNwPhg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"撇","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/922652bcb9514c53aae97dfb45a65c02","width":114},"text":"","id":"doxcnUq28SS4m06OaSONR4T0JOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、挑脚撇是指撇画下端挑脚向上,如“今”字。写法与回锋撇同,只是收笔时挑脚而出呈勾状。一般说,回锋撇往往是撇后写竖,笔势角度小,挑脚撇往往是撇后写捺,笔势角度大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIM4cMOeC4E0qoVwwpW0EBe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":57,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"撇","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ce86631cdd8147deb3cecc6e26230e05","width":114},"text":"","id":"doxcnWCqy8UgkWqyGCUQT3Bah3d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、斜撇斜撇是楷书写法,撇端尖尖的,如“余”字。写法是落笔稍重,然后逐渐提笔向左下撇出,撇时要轻灵不要迟疑,而且力要送到撇尖。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKUkQgCIQmcASsrU1PSoWOg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":55,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"撇","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b5851891c7ee4faba695bb080697181f","width":98},"text":"","id":"doxcnqWGEuY4uQUcABH3xLQVtIm"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、平撇平撇在字头,短小而平,如“重”字。写法是落笔重,略顿,随后提笔迅速撇出。平撇的形态有点象鸟啄,短小尖锐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSAI4mCuscQM4AZkOe8sg7b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":53,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"撇","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/399df9a1ed2b4cf5b69f693db394d742","width":102},"text":"","id":"doxcn4w2CiuQGqGIqSogyuvEIuc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"捺","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn20memQssyuI0stjz1MXDUe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、斜捺是指捺画斜而长,如“秦”字。斜捺在汉字中往往与斜撇相配,如同人的左右手。写法是顺着撇势轻落笔,略横行,接着转笔向右下方写。捺时要稍用力,随即向右平捺出。斜捺的形态是一波三折,故又称“波画”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS8wcu6CoSyWUuC7luiH6Ef"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":53,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"捺","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4b41bf4bb4a04cb08ea51f452a2a3b19","width":103},"text":"","id":"doxcnY2cuQQ2MYwSSecUkPVdJtd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、回锋捺是指斜捺的捺脚收笔处不是出锋而是回锋,如“天”字。写法与斜捺同,只是最后回锋收笔,露出下尖勾,目的是为了书写下一字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn00Uo80MmSWQ8Yziod0jWig"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":52,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"捺","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a78f1707e64d4cc3ac5eef8944cd7182","width":106},"text":"","id":"doxcnkWSUUAcqKsAcMHBwADjOIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、反捺是从斜捺、回锋捺变化而来,如“木”字。写法是轻落笔,触纸后徐徐用力向右下行笔,然后用力向左下勾出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyoUMMs0KMq4IQTiqai28Xd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":53,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"捺","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/adb55180b44f46478a9116adde068b3f","width":101},"text":"","id":"doxcnA48ssUU6AQCWmyJoiZstcb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、圆曲捺是指游水捺的三弯处圆曲如环。写法是先落笔写一点,接着顺势写一竖,再提笔向右拐弯,然后回锋或藏锋收笔。写回曲捺要注意两点,一是拐弯要圆曲不能生硬,二是捺尾要圆浑不能尖利。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO0i8ywawgaaaU53p6qQ18b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":52,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"捺","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/605d4619a61e49c7961302bbc8590a49","width":103},"text":"","id":"doxcnEGQK8oGi28I62ym38KMdWq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、平捺在字的下面起托的作用,因比字头或字中的斜捺角度较小波画较平而名之,如“之”字。写法是回锋落笔,略横,随着向右下用笔,然后用力平平捺出。平捺与斜捺一样,形态是一波三折,有一种流动的势态。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEaGgmIScg4yMoL8sJt1IKb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":56,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"捺","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/55e6d026f8794a02be4e6b743ef10d41","width":103},"text":"","id":"doxcnOgO002K2Eg8G4Vh3Vfwh2f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、挑勾捺是指平捺的捺脚上挑,如“超”字。写法是写好平捺后,捺脚不平出,而是顺势上挑成勾状,目的是为了便于写“走”字里面的部分。挑勾捺其实是在平捺快写后顺着笔势自然形成的一种写法,不可勉强为之。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEOMgg68YwSouGkh1NHmCTf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"挑","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmIM0wg6Y4aIyaSGfbCqCJf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、短挑是挑画的一种,线条短小,如“地”字。短挑在行书中是承着其他点画书写而出,短小精锐,恰似一把短剑。写法是落笔后略顿,随即逐渐提笔用力挑出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEWGcM8GI8Q6qoF49kXcPld"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":51,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"挑","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/332ae9b91f744f70bd10f05bbca1e078","width":100},"text":"","id":"doxcnW0uyq6IyKmmSy6PkudqHff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、撇折挑是指撇和挑连写,如“福”字。写法是先写一撇,然后折笔用力向右上迅速挑出,撇折挑要注意折处,书写时点画务必交待清楚,不能含含糊糊,拖泥带水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4g8sq2E6AkeOys9eLkHIke"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":52,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"挑","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b406da1174de4ec897df80e8768c9280","width":103},"text":"","id":"doxcnuWCEyKWOuC6s8PV6hhl0pf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuOYcgSEq8EmS4QX8PE1UFb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蟹爪勾是指竖勾屈曲似蟹爪,如“寺”字。写法是先写竖画,然后转笔向左行笔,再翻笔向上勾出。蟹爪勾是竖勾的变化写法,形态优美、线条雄健、气势酣畅。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqGwW8uucc4okquXfu1Iz6b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":53,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/676dc82fd79347f5b5f0cdb428819f38","width":106},"text":"","id":"doxcnmcqwMCuSomAU2VO2H56Uje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、戈勾即戈字勾,如“戊”字。写法是侧锋落笔,然后纵笔而下,勾时用力翻笔向上勾出。戈画平中带弧有韧劲,刚中含柔见纵势。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneIAEeiQsAisScv2zhC19Wd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":55,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7fc32e4ff05f40d79a11436de1d10958","width":109},"text":"","id":"doxcn2sWu6cSwoUQIagLJ0gXPHh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、背抛勾是指从背面反抛勾出,如“夙”字。写法是顺势写上横画,拐弯时折笔而下,然后宛转提笔写下弯画,再翻笔向左上勾出。背抛勾转弯抹角处不能生硬有棱角,勾尖要向内,对着字心首画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneA6WGqWa08WcgtWYZlo7bc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":55,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/82397aca8fb244599de39104582f9462","width":111},"text":"","id":"doxcni48aw2ygGaueEXTgi0fPkh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、浮鹅勾因形同白鹅浮绿水而名,如“毛”字。写法是落笔稍重,接着用笔向下写直画,随即提笔拐弯写横,最后翻笔向上勾出。浮鹅勾要鹅头高昂,鹅身平正,方正中呈圆势,态度雍容大方,气宇轩昂不几。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8KCauImwe6AiSEiYsnwzYg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7b617d7719b44824b5806f49962dcee8","width":113},"text":"","id":"doxcnIgc2WYK2uWQ26BXelFJ3Ad"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、回锋勾如同回锋捺是斜捺的快写形式一样,回锋勾是浮鹅勾的快写形式,如“也”字。写法是顺势写竖横圆曲折,然后翻笔由上绕一小圈向下勾出。回锋勾与浮鹅勾的不同处除了勾的形式和方向不一样外,是回锋勾的竖横向内圆曲而浮鹅勾的竖横向外开拓。向内圆曲的比较宛转流利,向外开拓的比较雄健挺拔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQs8iweaQK8e4EdPKOJQHdl"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":58,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4a57349ba2744aed87bf15a00625e300","width":110},"text":"","id":"doxcnyU04Y0i2acIuozMvyOzlSb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngQQ8s20aSK8ESahD9M899g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、横勾折是指横画加折勾,如“罪”字。写法是落笔先写横画,折时稍用力向左下方勾出。横勾折不仅要横与勾的笔画分明,而且转折要自然有力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWio8e02SYoAeQbaBlG2Hte"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":53,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/128989d8259a40f4a691e2f9123a958e","width":112},"text":"","id":"doxcnwYkoSe6ayIw2cxjYtbxLrf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、竖勾折是指竖画加折勾,如“问”字。写法是先写竖画,要心胸挺起,折时不妨笔略提起,再顿下去,然后迅速向左上勾出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWQm4Eao4aqKKw0lLitNFtb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/68995ecd52ce43f1b01b82e83b13507e","width":119},"text":"","id":"doxcnKa66M4A8EQke6P0RkyQjSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、曲折在行书中用得很多,凡是撇捺连续快写都成曲折,如“根”字。写法是落笔写撇画,接着向右折笔,再随即向下勾。曲折形似闪电,富于动态。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqyOWY6g2UaA6MpQ8FUINvd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":60,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0ddab8e070554eafbe788d27eab1d049","width":116},"text":"","id":"doxcnCsOWsqOcGG8eOsNEpVaYtd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、撇捺折是撇捺的连写,但书写较工整,如“衣”字。写法是落笔稍重,再逐渐提笔写撇,然后回锋向右下方写反捺,即成。撇捺折在撇捺的交接处要连写,要有折的风味。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWewKKSI4cCscYF1HaN4kGc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/79a94fe61ef64a4fa98d34a844cbb160","width":115},"text":"","id":"doxcnewcmg4qW6gEA0UaVVbOKre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、三弯折是指三弯折曲折成三弯,如“乃”字。写法是先落笔写横,再折笔写弯,接着顺势向下弯出。三弯折要折而有韧劲,弯曲自然舒展。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ6CKwao4cIOMERTrg1fhHq"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":58,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/dc888fce47574bb3b23e27aa45348ecb","width":111},"text":"","id":"doxcnoeyy2S4qewywgDcvyMUwSQ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、内勾折是由横撇折的外勾变为内勾,如“序”字。写法是写好横画后,接着翻笔写撇,撇要成内包势,随即趁势向右上勾出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2Ss2qCgGmKIyIBRbOunaWc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9a9fff903cb242b6999cbc36061881e7","width":114},"text":"","id":"doxcnGq0mgYMSAuiAk1UtlcrkIg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、鹅勾折是浮鹅勾的快速简便写法,如“光”字。写法是依势落笔写短斜竖,随即折笔向右上勾出。鹅勾折的折处要圆润遒丽,用笔要流畅明净。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUcYuEAuYYAK2olswbP1IWg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a2d65e9e63944a29a8c1e22d6b6d446c","width":114},"text":"","id":"doxcngKK2iS2mq28YKkCCgOrLEg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书偏旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcne4EC2w0iSQggQBLryTtseh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书偏旁一定要根据与其所搭配的单体的长短、肥瘦,大小不同而有所变化,不能千篇一律。此外,部首一定要与其所搭配的单体互相呼应。呼应的方法,或者借助于楷书用意连,或者借助于草书用形连。形连时要注意既要靠牵丝,又要靠笔势,过多地使用牵丝,如果形连势不能连,整个字仍是盘散沙。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSOOim2IA4aQigZNH3bjZ3b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"食字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwy2cmiKaaiiEOEDyjUgBld"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋落笔写撇,随即回锋写横勾折,接着顺势写竖仰勾。整个食字旁线条清楚匀称,是一笔写成。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnskckguQUkAiOaOq0mEPaZg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":170,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"食字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a8aca3a771fc4a139c03aa0e90418c82","width":683},"text":"","id":"doxcn8sooCSyYuEuWmiJHQUlQjh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"衣字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8weuAWyMEwOuaz7nBePYf7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首点向左下带出一点以呼应下一笔,撇点用撇提代替,改变示字旁的书写顺序。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOUi6ocKee4wEgxutajZ0ug"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":178,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"衣字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8ba320b2860b4d5ea7f13cc526d07f4c","width":603},"text":"","id":"doxcnm044EWWyysAgKOz7kzuh0d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"弓字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQoSaoCCQGSEouEqkI0Mt1V"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"先落笔写横折,再翻笔写横折勾。弓字旁的弓须一气呵成,不能用两笔或三笔写成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkYSu64sIuM8kEVA00RUYge"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":143,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"弓字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/08c6744a04614a75a307d434eb2c4521","width":603},"text":"","id":"doxcnCI6m6QgMOu046KVUu1wVyf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"虫字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncuIAKskk2k6eWMBytYHUIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"落笔写短斜竖,再顺势写横竖折,接着回锋写下横,然后翻笔向上写竖折挑,为了便于书写,行书虫字旁的一点往往省掉。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyk6kqwCUqqEW2RwzZ4n3ih"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":122,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"虫字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cb9cebae85cf4f3daa0cfe4223b8ea03","width":616},"text":"","id":"doxcnKQwUa42qiGgQ4XMINBjERg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"马字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOqe6eOKia20mI1EpDYjbEc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"落笔写出折勾,再回笔写竖横折勾,最后顺势写下横。下横一般写成挑画,以便书写右面点画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaWIkyqaUog64IXUTVzmjpd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":152,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"马字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/16ffcec311ac4028b30e62c7250e5e0c","width":637},"text":"","id":"doxcni42mMSs2E2AOuIVn5LBdR1"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"页字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYgAMQAkmUM8yMnjyyPcyJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"页字旁主要是在右部。其第一横要稍长,抗肩,中间用小撇画,不要太长,撇画的起笔位置稍靠左,第二个撇画的弯度较大一些,但不要写的太长,最后撇画带出小钩,呼应最后一点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnggWey8I8Qy2gp6EKTxTgrr"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":200,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"页字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1ef06ff99d4f4cfb8f5d18c1c3c6cb88","width":499},"text":"","id":"doxcnGe2wGsEeCkE4WS28zkaZdg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"舌字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0WCQaSSMQ6U40ePMyOCRZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先平撇要短,角度稍平,竖写短,横可稍长,但口字要写小。所以偏旁整体要小。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw0QMekIIqY4MuoKDXqpNHg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":128,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"舌字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/376a27e1eeb04fc48a3e0169b1c32a15","width":629},"text":"","id":"doxcnukqYqKcCWCqISWTs6rNoEd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"田字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwiy4wqSwuEEAg1BTDW8gvd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"田字旁也是写小,且整体稍向右上斜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniQ6QCW62Acq0Ys0PILBIbS"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":136,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"田字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/24ec8a9db1b44db2816be55337f4d46b","width":614},"text":"","id":"doxcnU4AEwyO6UmKWnsuY5eX5Io"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书章法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0k2USuqGSugoCmR2YmrWAf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书是介于楷书和草书之间的书体,是日常生活书写中最常用最流行的书体。尤以钢笔行书为最。行书笔画、结构有一定的伸缩性,形态又多变化,丰富奇彩、意到笔随,可塑性大,利于发挥艺术效果,实用价值更是超过其它书体。一副得意之作,通篇结构,引领管带,首尾呼应,一气呵成,各尽意志,气适流动,起伏随势,巧布虚陈,寄情寓意,无不淋漓尽致,酣畅爽快,令人赏心悦目。这些都说明章法在行书创作中显得尤为重要。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYWYK8W6Ky0U4I7p3ZGyLpe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"章法特点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnscaOkQmK2ym2uuacwmDWBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书由于笔画、结构变化较大,形体各异,加之书写风格不同,因而即使同一字也会出现多种形态,有肥瘦、长短、方圆、雄浑、挺拨、俊秀等差别。正是这些差别,使行书作品千姿百态,异彩纷呈,构成了不同的气韵的章法。因此,行书的谋篇布局较楷书要灵活得多,具有如下特点:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqAOUUCUEQ82MNIa8dy6Jqr"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔势多取纵势","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnem6uwmIUgkUOCiIIHAVoEc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"由于行书笔画活泼流动,笔画之间有牵纵行带,前字的末笔与后字的首笔连带密切,如取纵势,更显得如行云流水,气韵贯通,给人以一气呵成之势。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncqai8YcC4qkEcJZZYp0wbf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"疏密变化自如","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEe4IuQwQKco6ioVhPww3Yg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书除笔画、结构有疏密变化外,在整体布局中通过改变字形的大小、长短、字态的肥瘦、俯仰,能自由地调整疏密位置与布白,达到疏密得当,布白奇妙的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngI8I8iWY4ggEETpYW4TWKg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"参差错落有致","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyY6McsoGiCAI49eIbJf1Yg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书不仅仅笔画、结体各部分及字与字之间有参差变化外,而且行与行之间及通篇亦有错落变化,这样,整体布局显得活泼灵动,妙趣横生。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkQa262qAS4Y44kebdWNjlc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行气直抒胸臆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWEUW0aSwKqwioL7kGZZbih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"由于行书书写速度较快,行笔之时情法于中、笔情交融,最能直接表达书者的情感,增加作品的感染力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAyKM0AU8QauAC89X8PETgg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"谋篇技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8g2yw6YQisMUewcHsiCBnc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"以动为主","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQGCG264aiCOa62eig4dIyg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书的章法以静为主要特征,给人以平和稳定、一丝不苟、不激不厉和端正严肃的感觉;行书章法则以动为主要特征,给人以生动飘逸和富有生命活力的感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnusII6oWAIeaeGO2l13qZgh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"前人出书法要“师造化”,凡在现实生活中能见到的动作姿态,都可借鉴到行、草书中去,以增强行书作品的动感,丰富其内涵和底蕴。多欣赏和临写古今行书大家作品,也是培养书写动感的有效途径。我们不能用楷书的结体和章法来写行书,这样会使作品显得沉快无生气。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSaqOeS0KomkCcB90z1cpjh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"虽然行书强调动感,但并不是随意为之、不要法度,它仍要遵循一定的规律,以严谨求灵变,避免过于放纵。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn04CaAAAGGqYCkB74bKmj5e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"以不齐求齐","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqYaAUqMyEqaoGolGrLFSLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书要求字的上下左右间隔匀称,排列整齐,以工整规范为美。行书则要求字形有大小,间隔有疏密排列,有错落变化,以局部的不整齐求得整体的平衡、稳定和齐整,以变化为美。一幅好的行书作品,初看起来一行一行排列得很整齐,行与行之间的距离也相等,一气呵成,浑然一体,气韵生动,但细看起来,我们不难发现,字与字并不对齐,有的偏左,有的偏右,左右动荡不写,行与行之间的距离也不相等,有的紧,有的松,没有定则,即所谓的“行书无写法”,需要我们多实践、多体会。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng0m6K4mIWIQuSTyRdR0iNC"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"具有节奏变化","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0mGoqc8CKiKuisjCYuI1rf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一幅好的行书作品,就象一首抒情的歌曲,时而婉转平和,时而高亢豪迈,时而如行云流水,时而如电闪雷鸣,几经曲折,波澜起伏。这些都是书者书写时情感的自然渲泄,这种渲泻是有节奏的,体现了行书作品的节奏美。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk6oS4648y26OANLehr5Ayh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"前后呼应","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncwCUi2miWAaOs9cTQCQNIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书作品最注重首字,应静心写好文稿第一字,以统领全篇。要使行书的章法显得严谨而又富于变化,一定要注意前后呼应关系,要意在笔先,事先考虑好前后字的衔接问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngiUEOuykEcou6ls65je4Ec"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"书写姿势","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkIiu0qG4ISKEWEV29p0Lhe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"坐姿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno4wuicC8u4woolgT0iFfKe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"正确的书写姿势不只是为了好看,还可以使书写技能得到充分、有效地发挥,有助于书写者的身心健康。书写姿势同时也反映出书写者的修养,只有身正才会字正。正确的姿势应是头正、身直、肩平、胸舒、臂开、足安。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkMSswUI2WKAol2w4DioiKY"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":269,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"坐姿","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/68e50955c9bf49c79a2d33fa599f8967","width":249},"text":"","id":"doxcnqm2uCmw0owUUY5OWH2KzUg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、头部端正:头要居中,稍向前下方俯视,眼睛与纸面一尺距离,不可俯得太低,也不可左偏、右斜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqAMQGGsCsMWSUpcK0JxSKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、身直肩平:臀部平坐于椅子中间大部,不能扭向一边,两肩平齐,上身不弯曲,使上身重心安稳。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoUiYWyqyCYMED5LIMvyBoq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、臂开胸舒:两臂自然开张,两肘平放桌面,保持一线,腹背挺直,胸口与桌沿保持一拳距离,使呼吸顺畅。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0McKYqQOOsQU8lGajEQpze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、腿开足安:两腿分开,与肩同宽,自然下垂,内侧保持平行,两脚平放地上,使全身平衡。正确的书写姿势,才能使字写得端正,重心平衡。同时,正确的姿势也会给人的身体带来益处。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAwCCaoS8cUaUK4bwzdP1wb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"握姿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn484YCWuqYCgQKKJJq1SqBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"执笔方法不正确,不但妨碍书写姿势,影响书写质量,还会给书写者身心健康带来危害,不可忽视。根据笔的自身特点,硬笔是三指执笔法,斜拿。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmkciww0WuyUa4iC5JCK6Ic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"正确的执笔方法:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8A4cGIEUOYy0GW13CkCCOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①用拇指、食指、中指三个指头捏住笔杆(三指处于同一平面);","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIywGmOiyoCcMgN2M7T7Nog"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②指尖距笔尖约2.5cm~3cm(两指左右);","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc2QIceAcSgKAWGKahaJm8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③所有指关节都向外弯;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuScKqwMEoSUcys1lP97bCh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④笔杆位于食指的根部(如下图)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEyke2coyo0M6eXj1qhSuNs"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":200,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"握姿","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8ce7201cb08b47529021161e4b3de06b","width":382},"text":"","id":"doxcne0eiCmM0cG4U6p3INPuCMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"同时,还要做到:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnamykg6AwCq2Ac9h72enUCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①指实:拇指、食指、中指来自三方的力量,处在与笔杆垂直的同一圆角上,将笔杆夹牢,松紧适度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnweCWAUYiyGeg2TkOOdNbBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②掌虚:无名指和小指紧随中指下部依次靠拢,并向掌心弯曲、虛握。小指的整个底部形成一个环形底座,虚贴桌面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA02SkuSikAEiSOc82XnAC8"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③杆斜:笔杆向右后方倾斜,紧靠在食指第三关节与虎口方向,与桌面呈45°角。如果写较大的字,手指向前伸直,笔杆与纸面角度减小;书写较小的字手指向掌心收缩,笔杆与纸面角度大,宜于精離细琢。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0EAes80guA0Gg9lxRjo0hb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOk6mywusO2IOkN3g9fTK2c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"选笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIOwM62Iy8uGU0alFfMMjUb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"钢笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSaW8SwyIoEouaOmyhAUNVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"钢笔的地位在硬笔练字中处于不可撼动的地位,较强表现力可以反映出毛笔的效果。适合练字的钢笔,日笔应该比欧笔更适合一些。推荐白金3776,百乐78G,写乐21K等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMUmI4aIokKw6cbKMEuVWDg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"关于练习钢笔的选择,我们可以遵从以下原则:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn06GiYsWC4mq00ovgwEGzRb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)不使用美工笔。美工笔不利于稳定练习;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO2UQEqWkuQuQCIEGKZsrbg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)不使用写起来不适的钢笔。比如出现堵笔、洇墨、摩阻过大等问题;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ42AKQqyYg6I8hGOKSkeOc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)不使用过贵的钢笔。在成本练字的过程相对耗笔,尽量做到成本控制,贵的笔对练字本身没有太实质性的帮助。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni404gSg2e6WyMPg2b2F9Bb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":266,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"钢笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/efce42fa90fe484395d9143de95dc1bf","width":400},"text":"","id":"doxcn4uY6IYu2ICIw3EuOMlrjFG"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中性笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmwuQmOGuS042gvVP3Id6ah"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中性笔有稳定、表现力强、便宜、便捷、书写舒适等优点,是一种相对完美的笔。不止在此次行楷练习试验中,日常生活中,大多数人更愿意使用0.5中性笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4OGuOsYGGC6iqaredoyuJY"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐适合练字的中性笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoOmKaemOqcccEVs5KJ77Gg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、国产中性笔宝克PC-1168,这款笔无论从握持手感、出水流畅度、品控还是书写感受方面,都属于第一梯队的,一点也不比那些昂贵的进口中性笔差。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqEukCgewS60EcX2tvmYDVg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、百乐P700和P500,其实就是0.7和0.5,笔感超级顺滑,而且出水不多不少,非常好写,这么出名是有原因的。可能看不出来,但0.5确实比0.7的更细。练字推荐用0.7,0.5的可以日常用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUek84A6OCEgOCw5UNMUhJb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中性笔的挑选可以遵从如下原则:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkkICQqo6Cm88u7WuiDWz7e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)书写流度,笔触顺骨,笔画饱满,墨色均匀;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKe4siIGgSEsaaELXNWpi1H"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)握笔舒适度,长时间书写不会有过于明显累手、压迫感;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwqUMSieS8gsAqyBuq40XIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)墨干燥速度,书写时不会被谱黑就行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEyCssSI00Wq2cFm5hjXT7b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"中性笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9f858d495e934607b39050eb30d2ed77","width":300},"text":"","id":"doxcnY8SCicMsOOis8J3zWX7Htb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"其他笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSQ2s0gw8CIyYquSaWHLhKe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"除了钢笔和中性笔,其他笔类都可以进行练字。种类繁多,最为常见的有铅笔,圆珠笔等。不一定局限于某种笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEe2muKE6CeU2kfO5ezrUxe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":220,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"其他笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1b423b0b4e1e43c6913f2e1b4ab63a7a","width":220},"text":"","id":"doxcn084Uwumk8C8U068kJ9qbIg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"纸张","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoGqquMwA8CQYG2DKdolh3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"练习纸种类繁多,常见的有回宫格、米字格、田字格、空白格、横线格、竖线格等等,练习纸的选择也需依据自己的基础,初学尽量选择辅助线多的回宫格、米字格等,随着阶段的变化,练习纸也应该有所改变以减少辅助,达到科学练习的目的。按时间顺序,不止使用了米字格纸、田字格纸、空白格纸、横线纸、竖线纸、白纸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS60ocSugMSWegNnbUyHQ2b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"重点:从脱离米字格到白纸,练字整个过程都贯穿着田字格纸的巩固练习,不属于完全转换状态。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnosQSwUYCgq66QJHLq094Ud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"另外,有以下几个点可以注意:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSugi6IWWKMKSWd3Ibp7GtZ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)当没有问题的笔墨写在纸上产生洇墨、阻力大等类问题,建议换纸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwOOW42wEyY6EKcEt3OKSBh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)不要使用线格过小的纸,选择写起来有种自然舒适状态的纸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwQoU4AWmY4YmWMBLwAw1rf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)不要刻意追求“好”纸,硬笔行书的练习对纸的要求较低。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8UIMuwA4KiKQk95m4tnAMb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1185,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"纸张","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1370f12a9b3b4d938074b49cdfa4ca62","width":790},"text":"","id":"doxcnqkWu80g8O6mAQr6qkPMw7f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"字帖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUASa6Y2KiSaSSutOmuSNyg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果基础比较差,或者追求没那么高,可以从现代字帖练,比较容易上手。如果想追求书法或者有一定基础,那么就要多临摹古帖了。硬笔临摹古帖,初学以赵孟頫行楷《妙严寺》、《胆巴碑》过度,再以《赤壁赋》、《吴兴赋》入手,然后可以临文征明等二王一路的帖。或者直接以李邕《法华寺》入手。以上字帖,要下大功夫临摹,专注一本,长期熏修,悟到行书精髓,然后可以遍临诸家。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnucQUMwau2sCUwfnACIbDgg"},{"type":"head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hildren":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQKUWsAU0AOI2Wg9VerpJWf"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

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